Jean Jacque Rousseau s Theory Of A Social Contract

Jean Jacque Rousseau was one of the most controversial philosophers from 1712-1778. The first to speak explicitly of human rights. He was a Swiss philosopher who was influenced by the French revolution. He believed that people basically everyone is good but it s society that corrupts them to do wrong. Each philosopher had their own ideal world, and his was to have people make laws and obey them. However, Rousseau has a different opinion on the theory of a social contract but also did help develop the theory. He believed that people were naturally good but were corrupted by society that was lead to inequalities of people and this would cause war, hate and crime against each other. The only thing that matters is the will of people. Today, Rousseau is looked as a champion of democracy for his idea that political authority lies with the people. He has also influenced political and social change for the last two hundred years and it’s believed that his ideas will encourage revolut ions for the next centuries. On the other hand also his ideas of political authority the â€Å"general will† has been used by dictators in the past. Rousseau’s social contract theory, based on Thomas Hobbes and John Locke would be one of the foundations of modern democracy. Rousseau’s contribution influence the writers of the United States Constitution as well as the leaders of French Revolution. â€Å"Man is born free, and he is everywhere in chains.† Meaning that human being are corrupted by society, allShow MoreRelatedJean Jacques Rousseau And The Declaration Of Independence Essay1459 Words   |  6 PagesJean-Jacques Rousseau was an Enlightenment thinker during the eighteenth century and is most noted for his work The Social Contract. The Social Contract published in 1762 and is a philosophical document that expresses the ideas of popular sovereignty. Popular Sovereignty is a form of government in which â€Å"the doctrine that sovereign power is vested in the people and that those chosen to govern, as trustees of such power, must exercise it in conformity with the general will.† This is basically a fancyRead MoreJean Domat, Montesquieu And Jean Jacques Rousseau859 Words   |  4 Pagesviewpoints on government due to basing th eir ideas on the same former structures. But, in contrast new government structures include a variety of variations. Therefore, Jean Domat, Montesquieu and Jean Jacques Rousseau have major differences in their outlooks on government, but they do share similar aspects. To start off with, Jean Domat was a French jurist who ideas stem from the kings practice of royal absolutism. In addition, Domat also established a large presence of the law of God within herRead MoreThe Function of a Social Contract1676 Words   |  7 PagesFunction of a Social Contract? Philosophers have been concerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). The basicRead MoreEssay on What is the Function of a Social Contract?1637 Words   |  7 PagesFunction of a Social Contract? Philosophers have been concerned with the theories of a social contract for thousands of years. Plato mentions the concept in Crito and in Republic. These theories have stemmed from the concept of justice and for our society to be just. I will look at the works of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, Jean Jacques Rousseau and finally with John Rawls after which a overall view into the function of a social contract can be derived as well as any problems with the theory(s). TheRead MoreThe Seatbelt Law, By Thomas Hobbes, And Jean Jacques Rousseau1262 Words   |  6 Pageslaws such as this one on the public? This paper will discuss the seatbelt law, the views of philosophers Thomas Hobbes, and Jean-Jacques Rousseau, and whether or not this law is ethical. THOMAS HOBBES Thomas Hobbes (1588-1679) was an English philosopher who is best known for his work in political ethics. Hobbes had a pessimistic view of the human race, however his theory has been used as a major influence on western political views. In 1651, Thomas Hobbes wrote Leviathan, in which he statesRead MoreRousseau s Influence On Society1443 Words   |  6 PagesHarmon Rousseau Influence on Society Jean-Jacques Rousseau was a philosopher and writer of the 18th century. Rousseau’s political philosophy influenced a lot of people and was well know for his work. His philosophy had a great impact that influenced the French Revolution and develop the modern, political, sociological, and educational thought. Rousseau wanted to influence his political concepts that were important to him and wanted to develop a new way of thought. In his work, Rousseau talks aboutRead MoreThe Social Contract Theory Since The United States1449 Words   |  6 PagesFor this discussion, I am keen to discuss the Social Contract theory since I see this fundamental theory still directly affects today s politics in the United States as well as around the world. Contemporary study of neoliberalism and neo-conservatism as in the analysis of Wendy Brown (2006) or of political deliberation and deliberative democracy in the writing of Simone Chambers (2009) is a dynamic consequences of that basic concepts of democracy from the past. During its development, democracyRead MoreIs Outsourcing A Refugee Crisis?1544 Words   |  7 Pagesauthors I chose to focus on are Thomas Hobbes and Jean Jacques Rousseau. From the readings â€Å"Leviathan† by Thomas Hobbes (CITE) and â€Å"Discourse on the Origin of Inequality† by Jean Jacques Rousseau (CITE), both authors have similar but yet very different viewpoints on ideas they have made. The ideas I will be comparing and contrasting between these two philosophers are their different beliefs and understandings on the state of nature and the social contract. The media objective I have chosen to focus onRead MoreThomas Hobbes And The State Of Nature1727 Words   |  7 Pagesin determining politic al societies, or the governmental structures that composed these. However, many philosophers have different notions of the State of Nature. In this essay I am going to use the writings of Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacque Rousseau to explain how their notions of the State of Nature shape the way they envision political society. These philosophers have different notions of the State of Nature but they all agree that the State of Nature is the reason for why politicalRead MoreJacques And The Social Contract Theory1287 Words   |  6 PagesJacques is arguably one of the most influential philosopher and thinkers not only during the Enlightenment era in France and across Europe but also through the development of modern political and educational work where many have been inspired by his writings. His ideas result from his belief that every state has its origin in people who gave birth to its political structure, fundamental laws and civil liberties. (Rousseau lecture1) Moreover Rousseau paid great attention to nature and human feelings

Foster Care Crisis The Mirror For Society - 2803 Words

Brittany King Adrian Chevraux-Fitzhugh Soc 305 26 April 2014 Foster Care Crisis: The Mirror for Society There can be no keener revelation of a society s soul than the way in which it treats its children. –Nelson Mandela America idolizes youth, dubbing it a time of freedom, innocence, and incorruptible joy. However, approximately 400,000 foster kids in the US might understand childhood as something very different (Children’s Bureau).To them, youth may represent chains to an unstable, corrupt system as it unsuccessfully works to decide their futures. It may also represent a period of indefinite circumstances, isolation, and continual change. The Foster Care crisis isn’t just a few poor government policies that affect the tangible elements of our society; it is a crisis that impacts the personal lives of many individuals. Minorities, Women, LGTB have all fought to ensure their rightful place and voice in society. Now it’s up to America to fight for those who cannot start their own movements, create their own bills, and overcome their silence. What we do for ou r foster children will reflect the true nature of our values. What we do for our foster children, we do for ourselves. Historical Background The first foster care program emerged in 1853 under the name â€Å"The Placing Out System† of New York created by Charles Loring Brace in efforts to deplete the overcrowded institutions and orphanages (McDonald 23). By 1923, thirty-four other states established similarShow MoreRelatedBuffy Montgomery. Dr. Walter Frazee. Biology. March 11,852 Words   |  4 Pages Buffy Montgomery Dr. Walter Frazee Biology March 11, 2017 Are We Living in Huxley s Brave New World? In today s world, we are deeply divided into social classes. Entertainment rules the world and the people care more about Facebook likes and impersonal digital interactions then they do about spending real time with family and friends. In today s world, outrageous parties are thrown and everyone does ecstasy and praises their experience. We live in a wold whereRead MoreSummary Of The Servant As Leader By Robert K. Greenleaf1459 Words   |  6 PagesGreenleaf in 1970. The author first wrote about the concept of Servant Leadership in an essay titled â€Å"The Servant as Leader.† In his essay, Greenleaf recounted his reason for writing the essay, stemmed from the belief that the country was in a leadership crisis and he had a responsibility to attempt to address the problem. When Mr. McDonald came to the VA, he like Greenleaf intuitively recognized the need for and his responsibility to institute and nurture this style of leadership within the department’sRead MoreThe Exposure Of Chronic Stress And Trauma Essay1823 Words   |  8 PagesFor many of the young people at LAYN the violence and trauma they experienced throughout their life, almost always chronic and pervasive, is unimaginable. The vast majority of RHY and foster youth have experi enced complex trauma, and the young people at LAYN are no different. These young people come to LAYN having experienced multiple and concurrent traumas throughout their short lifetime including: physical, emotional and sexual abuse-often within the caretaking relationship, community violenceRead MoreLiterary And Social Law : What Makes A Symbol Of The Human Experience?1514 Words   |  7 Pagesreasons. In his article â€Å"The Rise of the Nameless Narrator† Sam Sacks investigates the instances this technique has been utilized throughout time and evaluates its effect. Sacks explains that the authors of the earliest forms of the Bible faced â€Å"...a crisis of faith in the ability of words to either capture the essence of a life or else speak truthfully to its essenceless condition.† (Sacks). What does one refer to the being that they believe is all powerful and responsible for everything as? Their solutionRead MoreA thesis paper on child abuse with a look into Dave P elzers autobiography A Child Called IT Outlines various types of child abuse and prevention suggestions.3133 Words   |  13 Pageselse. They think of external or internal bruises, burns, fractures, wounds or poisoning and do not conceptualize actions of sexual molestation or neglect. In 1995 the American Medical Association stated, Child abuse occurs if a person who has the care or custody of a child causes or allows the child to suffer any of the following: physical harm, such as external or internal bruises, burns, fractures, wounds, brain damage or poisoning; malnutrition (including dehydration) or mental ill-heath ofRead MoreFamily Centred Care2050 Words   |  9 PagesThe Power of Family-Centered Care highlights the positive and negative aspects of their family’s healthcare experiences , and models of family nursing and concepts of family-centred care. By comparing the theories and models to what is currently put into practice by today’s nurses and healthcare providers a better outcome for this family is idealized. Nursing Care has Resounding Effects on a Family In this case study, a mother recounts her experiences seeking care for her special needs son withRead MoreEssay on Japans Economic Problems3970 Words   |  16 PagesJapan would need to fundamentally alter their ways. (Vogel, 2006) One opinion, according to Steven Vogel, is that the Japanese model should try to mirror the model of the United States. (S. K. Vogel, 2006) Interestingly enough, Ezra Vogel (in 1979) essentially suggested the exact opposite as Steven Vogel. Ezra suggested that Japan would be a viable mirror for the United States, that is, the United States should try to emulate the Japanese System. Japan at that time had been doing extremely well. EzraRead MoreEriksons Psychosocial Development Theory10839 Words   |  44 Pageserik eriksons psychosocial crisis life cycle model - the eight stages of human development Eriksons model of psychosocial development is a very significant, highly regarded and meaningful concept. Life is a serious of lessons and challenges which help us to grow. Eriksons wonderful theory helps to tell us why. The theory is helpful for child development, and adults too. For the lite version, heres a quick diagram and summary. Extra details follow the initial overview. For more informationRead MoreProfessional School Counseling3972 Words   |  16 Pagesreader with the personal reflections concerning school counseling and a discussion of the commitment to provide biblically grounded, ethical and empirically based services from the point of view of the writer. Introduction Children are in a society where the world is rapidly changing. Due to influx of social and economic changes and problems that are brewing within the homes of our students: these problems tend to spill over into the schools. The problems that are presented in the schoolsRead More My Philosophy and Theory about English Teaching Essay5341 Words   |  22 Pagesskills, and English teachers have a responsibility to society to graduate effective writers and communicators. This should be a basic goal of every English classroom. According to Scans, the teaching of writing in high school English classrooms is far too focused on Foundation Skills rather than Workplace Competencies. However, I think this goes too far, and could be an example of the myth that businesses created about the Literacy crisis. James Sledd describes eloquently how businesses demand

Belonging Essay ‘Romulus My Father’, ‘the Lost Thing’ and ‘the Catcher in the Rye’ Free Essays

Our search for who we are is fuelled by our innate desire to achieve a sense of acceptance and belonging. Belonging doesn’t just happen; it involves many factors and experiences in order to feel that you truly belong. Feeling a sense of inclusion can enrich our identity and relationships and can lead to acceptance and understanding. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging Essay ‘Romulus My Father’, ‘the Lost Thing’ and ‘the Catcher in the Rye’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to understand who we are we need to belong and this is effectively represented in Raimond Gaita’s memoir ‘Romulus My Father,’ Shaun Tan’s ‘The Lost Thing’ and JD Salinger’s ‘The Catcher in the Rye. An individual’s interaction with others and the world around them can enrich or limit their experience of belonging to an environment. ‘Romulus My Father’ demonstrates this through the profound sense of acceptance that exists within Raimond. He delivers his observations in a reflective and thoughtful tone, particularly in his recollections of his father, as he â€Å"loved him too deeply†¦ no quarrel could estrange (them)† and felt a genuine sense of familial belonging. This is also evident even after Christine dies. He observed, â€Å"We came together as son and husband with the woman whose remains lay beneath us. † Juxtaposed against Raimond’s belonging is the suffering of Christine in her displacement. Christine struggles to be the mother that society expects her to be, and her inability to relate and conform is described by Raimond as, â€Å"a troubled city girl, she could not settle†¦ in a landscape that highlighted her isolation. † Raimond’s despondent tone conveys how Christine could not fit into the community and in Australia. As a result, her isolation and alienation lead her to betray the institution of family juxtaposed by â€Å"I felt awkward with her,† which shows that Raimond’s relationship with his mother has lost the familial belonging it once contained. Similar to Christine’s feelings of estrangement, Romulus â€Å"felt like a ‘prisoner’ in Australia,† that was looked down upon and unwanted, resulting in a sympathetic response from the reader. Throughout the novel, we witness Romulus facing and struggling with these opposing pressures. Feelings of estrangement and an inability to simply ‘fit in’ are similarly explored in Shaun Tan’s â€Å"The Lost Thing†. Tan explores the attitude and bitterness towards things that do not belong, and the intricacies of a world that directly reflects society and its inability to accept differences. The fundamental need to belong can consequently result in many altering themselves in order to conform to societal expectations. Feeling a sense of belonging and acceptance involves facing many pressures and difficulties, which are clearly demonstrated by Tan. The Lost Thing is largely ignored and hardly noticed by the community, despite its bright red colour and large appearance that makes it stand out to the reader as it is juxtaposed with the dull and industrialized background. However, regardless of it curious appearance and obvious presence, the community is self-absorbed, too preoccupied with their ritual habits to even notice it. Towards the end of the book, it becomes clear that there are many other lost things that regularly appear in the city, but their presence can only be measured by the minimal extent to which they are noticed. This demonstrates the negative attitudes directed towards people or things that do not stereotypically fit in with the rest of society. Tan also explores the sense of belonging created in such a detached environment. The citizens of the organised community develop a sense of identity by conforming to the rule of society and following the organised standardizations, as demonstrated through the reoccurring motif of the identical houses drawn in neat columns. Ultimately for them to be accepted, they exclude others. Attaining a sense of ‘belonging’ can act as a nurturing force for notions of identity, bringing fulfillment and enrichment of character and this is clearly demonstrated throughout JD Salinger’s novel ‘The Catcher in the Rye,’ through the protagonist nature of Holden Caulfield. Holden seems to be excluded from and victimized by the world around him. As he mentions to his professor Mr. Spencer, he feels trapped on â€Å"the other side† of life, and he continually attempts to find his way in a world in which he feels he doesn’t belong. Part of Holden’s alienation is a result of his inability, or perhaps unwillingness to grow up. Holden is fearful of adulthood, claiming that adulthood is world of superficiality and â€Å"phonies. † We are constantly reminded of Holden’s war against â€Å"phonies†, ironically reflecting on Holden’s phoney and fake personality. Like a child, Holden fears change and is overwhelmed by the complexity, but he is too out of touch with his feelings to admit it. Instead, he spends much of his time criticizing others. When are you going to grow up? † Carl Luce makes it apparent to Holden that he must grow up and move on from his issues which are holding him back. In the conclusion of his journey, Holden is able to gain a sense of belonging and acceptance within his sister Phoebe. Although losing his brother Allie was incredibly hard, Holden finds comfort in his close relationship with his sister and is able to move on willingly. The feeling of acceptan ce involves many factors and experiences. The innate desire to belong and ramifications of not belonging are clearly represented within ‘Romulus my Father’. The struggles of belonging in the self-absorbed organized society of ‘The Lost Thing’ clearly demonstrate our basic need to be accepted. JD Salinger is able to prove that a sense of belonging comes from a sense of identity within ‘The Catcher in the Rye. ’ Belonging can enrich our identity and relationships and can lead to acceptance and understanding. How to cite Belonging Essay ‘Romulus My Father’, ‘the Lost Thing’ and ‘the Catcher in the Rye’, Essays

Belonging Essay ‘Romulus My Father’, ‘the Lost Thing’ and ‘the Catcher in the Rye’ Free Essays

Our search for who we are is fuelled by our innate desire to achieve a sense of acceptance and belonging. Belonging doesn’t just happen; it involves many factors and experiences in order to feel that you truly belong. Feeling a sense of inclusion can enrich our identity and relationships and can lead to acceptance and understanding. We will write a custom essay sample on Belonging Essay ‘Romulus My Father’, ‘the Lost Thing’ and ‘the Catcher in the Rye’ or any similar topic only for you Order Now In order to understand who we are we need to belong and this is effectively represented in Raimond Gaita’s memoir ‘Romulus My Father,’ Shaun Tan’s ‘The Lost Thing’ and JD Salinger’s ‘The Catcher in the Rye. An individual’s interaction with others and the world around them can enrich or limit their experience of belonging to an environment. ‘Romulus My Father’ demonstrates this through the profound sense of acceptance that exists within Raimond. He delivers his observations in a reflective and thoughtful tone, particularly in his recollections of his father, as he â€Å"loved him too deeply†¦ no quarrel could estrange (them)† and felt a genuine sense of familial belonging. This is also evident even after Christine dies. He observed, â€Å"We came together as son and husband with the woman whose remains lay beneath us. † Juxtaposed against Raimond’s belonging is the suffering of Christine in her displacement. Christine struggles to be the mother that society expects her to be, and her inability to relate and conform is described by Raimond as, â€Å"a troubled city girl, she could not settle†¦ in a landscape that highlighted her isolation. † Raimond’s despondent tone conveys how Christine could not fit into the community and in Australia. As a result, her isolation and alienation lead her to betray the institution of family juxtaposed by â€Å"I felt awkward with her,† which shows that Raimond’s relationship with his mother has lost the familial belonging it once contained. Similar to Christine’s feelings of estrangement, Romulus â€Å"felt like a ‘prisoner’ in Australia,† that was looked down upon and unwanted, resulting in a sympathetic response from the reader. Throughout the novel, we witness Romulus facing and struggling with these opposing pressures. Feelings of estrangement and an inability to simply ‘fit in’ are similarly explored in Shaun Tan’s â€Å"The Lost Thing†. Tan explores the attitude and bitterness towards things that do not belong, and the intricacies of a world that directly reflects society and its inability to accept differences. The fundamental need to belong can consequently result in many altering themselves in order to conform to societal expectations. Feeling a sense of belonging and acceptance involves facing many pressures and difficulties, which are clearly demonstrated by Tan. The Lost Thing is largely ignored and hardly noticed by the community, despite its bright red colour and large appearance that makes it stand out to the reader as it is juxtaposed with the dull and industrialized background. However, regardless of it curious appearance and obvious presence, the community is self-absorbed, too preoccupied with their ritual habits to even notice it. Towards the end of the book, it becomes clear that there are many other lost things that regularly appear in the city, but their presence can only be measured by the minimal extent to which they are noticed. This demonstrates the negative attitudes directed towards people or things that do not stereotypically fit in with the rest of society. Tan also explores the sense of belonging created in such a detached environment. The citizens of the organised community develop a sense of identity by conforming to the rule of society and following the organised standardizations, as demonstrated through the reoccurring motif of the identical houses drawn in neat columns. Ultimately for them to be accepted, they exclude others. Attaining a sense of ‘belonging’ can act as a nurturing force for notions of identity, bringing fulfillment and enrichment of character and this is clearly demonstrated throughout JD Salinger’s novel ‘The Catcher in the Rye,’ through the protagonist nature of Holden Caulfield. Holden seems to be excluded from and victimized by the world around him. As he mentions to his professor Mr. Spencer, he feels trapped on â€Å"the other side† of life, and he continually attempts to find his way in a world in which he feels he doesn’t belong. Part of Holden’s alienation is a result of his inability, or perhaps unwillingness to grow up. Holden is fearful of adulthood, claiming that adulthood is world of superficiality and â€Å"phonies. † We are constantly reminded of Holden’s war against â€Å"phonies†, ironically reflecting on Holden’s phoney and fake personality. Like a child, Holden fears change and is overwhelmed by the complexity, but he is too out of touch with his feelings to admit it. Instead, he spends much of his time criticizing others. When are you going to grow up? † Carl Luce makes it apparent to Holden that he must grow up and move on from his issues which are holding him back. In the conclusion of his journey, Holden is able to gain a sense of belonging and acceptance within his sister Phoebe. Although losing his brother Allie was incredibly hard, Holden finds comfort in his close relationship with his sister and is able to move on willingly. The feeling of acceptan ce involves many factors and experiences. The innate desire to belong and ramifications of not belonging are clearly represented within ‘Romulus my Father’. The struggles of belonging in the self-absorbed organized society of ‘The Lost Thing’ clearly demonstrate our basic need to be accepted. JD Salinger is able to prove that a sense of belonging comes from a sense of identity within ‘The Catcher in the Rye. ’ Belonging can enrich our identity and relationships and can lead to acceptance and understanding. How to cite Belonging Essay ‘Romulus My Father’, ‘the Lost Thing’ and ‘the Catcher in the Rye’, Essays

Performance Contingent Pay Essay Example

Performance Contingent Pay Paper Viet Name banking sector was emerging rapidly after had Joined WTFO at the end of 2006 and performance contingent compensation is a widely accepted means for rewarding managers, but there is no empirical test of its effectiveness in Viet Name banking sectors. Does managerial compensation to organizational performance lead to higher organizational performance? It appears to be a truism that if you want to motivate high performance, you will attach rewards to it. Several prominent theories of organization behavior (Feint, 1976; Lealer, 1971, 1981) support this common sense view. The study of John L. Pearce, et al (1985) applied a time series procedure to organizational performance data in the Social Security Administration to indicate that the merit pay program had no effect on organizational performance in social organizations. Although, merit pay and bonuses for managers are common forms of compensation, there have been lacks of tests of their effectiveness, especially In banking sectors (Dyer Schwab, 1982). In this study, the author will apply a Box and Jenkins (1976) time series procedure, which was used by Perry Porter (1981) and Pearce, et al (1985), to determine whether or not implementing a merit pay plan that tied to managers salaries to organizational performance indicators resulted in improved organizational performance in Viet Names banking sector. The results of the study will contribute to the improvement of conceptualization of human resource management and help human resource managers in Viet Name banking sector planning compensation policy for managers more effectively. We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Contingent Pay specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Contingent Pay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Performance Contingent Pay specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer Many theorists have discussed the motivational aspects of pay. Poppas and Dinette (1966) reviewed several prominent psychological theories and discussed their implications for organizational compensation, but their study did not discuss about performance merit pay. Gallerias (1963) emphasized the symbolic role of money, but he did not prove about how to compensation should be applied to increase performance. Herbert, et al (1959) made the excited argument that pay is a hygiene factor, not a motivator factor of performance. However, Kings review of research 1970) found out not support for Herbert et al s two factor theory. Dams equity theory (1965) proposed that individuals who perceive themselves to be underpaid or overpaid may alter their efforts to achieve a balance between performance and reward. But again, Dye Schwab (1982) failed to support the performance predictions of equity theory. A Deterrent perspective was trotter Day Deck won contacted a series studies on the effects of externally mediated reward, such as pay, on laboratory subjects intrinsic motivation to engage in tasks. Decide drew on this research to argue that intention payment plans should be avoided because they reduce intrinsic motivation, lead individuals to develop strategies that will enable them to get rewards with least effort, and can easily break down. These arguments are particularly relevant to managerial Jobs, since such Jobs are more likely than a routine Job to be intrinsically rewarding and are less likely to be subject to extensive surveillance. Decide suggested that salaries are not directly based on performance are less likely to reduce intrinsic motivation than are salaries that are performance contingent. However, his study is not clear whether this substitution in task motivations will result in either increased or decreased task performance. Based on Brooms (1964) expectancy theory, Lealer (1971, 1981) argued that pay can be a powerful performance incentive because it can be used to satisfy so many needs. However attractive money may not motivate performance unless it is contingent on performance and he presented some studies which showed that managerial pay is seldom contingent on performance. Hair, Eggshell, and Gordon (1967) reported that managerial raises are often uncorrelated from one year to the ext, indicating that either managerial performance is quite different from one year to the next that raises are not based on performance but on other, possibly variable, criteria. Although, most scholars advocate performance contingent pay systems, they recognize that under certain conditions the implementation of such systems may be more dysfunctional than functional. According to Lealer (1971, 1981), performance contingent pay should not be used when trust levels are low, performance cannot be validly and inclusively measured, and large pay rewards cannot be given to the best reformers. Lealer (1971) also acknowledged that managers may not control all of the factors that affect their units performance, concluding that under such circumstances subjective Judgments by superiors and objective unit performance data should be combined into a managerial performance measure on which pay could be based. Although there have been empirical studies of the effect of performance contingent pay for non-management employees (Dyer Schwab, 1982; Feint, 1976), there have been lacks of tests of the effect of performance contingent pay for managers, specially in banking sector. Feint (1976), reporting a consulting firms 1971 survey, writes that firms with formal bonus plans (which, we infer, were based on a measure of firm performance) had an average pre-tax return on investment of 15. 8 percent, compared to 1 1. 7 percent for firms without a formal plan. The after tax profits were 8. Percent versus 5 percent. Unfortunately, Feint cannot tell anything about the sample or whether these Territories were sat t TLS Cyclical slanting. Redline (1981) used a randomly selected sample of 25 companies and measured a 5 ear performance ranking that combined earnings growth and returns on shareholders equity. He correlated each organizations ranked performance with its base salary growth and with its salar y plus bonus growth over 5 years. He found a correlation of 0. 16 between base salary increase and firm performance and a correlation of 0. 9 between salary plus bonus increase and performance, from which he concluded that there are a little indication of the existence of performance contingent pay plans in current top executive compensation. Loomis (1982), the one who plotted 1981 compensation (salaries, bonuses, profit haring, stock purchase contribution) against return on stockholders equity, found a less than perfect correspondence, and more over, highlighted extreme case of executives receiving relatively large increases in compensation during a period of deteriorating profitability for their firms. Loomis argued that executive compensation in these prominent publicly held firms should be more directly tied to firm performance. Dye Schwab (1982) noted that there is research evidence that incentive pay plans for non-management employees produce higher productivity. Pearce, et al (1985) analyzed the effect of the implementation of a performance contingent pay program for managers indicated that its implementation had no statistically significant, gradual, permanent effect on the general trend of organizational performance in 1 1 out of 12 tests. But there were some limitations of this study that prevent drawing definitive conclusions about the effects of merit pay on organizational performance. One of them is that there were evidences that the implementation of this federal merit pay program was flawed in several ways. In Addition, he suggested that in his search, as in so many real world quasi-experimental designs, it was not possible to study a comparable control group, although looking at 4 years of monthly performance measures gave him some control over rival hypotheses. Pearce study (1985) cannot definitively prove or refute the effectiveness of merit pay for managers. The review of theory and research related to managerial compensation to organizational performance shows that there is still lack of conclusive empirical support for this assumption. In order to find more evidences about the effect of reference contingent pay for managers, this study will attempt to assess the actual effects on organizational performance of the performance contingent pay for managers in Viet Name banking sector.

Artworks by Jeff Koons

Artworks by Jeff Koons New Hoover Convertibles Jeff Koon was one of the most controversial artists of the post war time, his works were designed to provoke, shock, astonish, but at the same time, to inform, point out and communicate.1Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Artworks by Jeff Koons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More His work called â€Å"New Hoover Convertibles† was created in 1981. The visually distinctive factors of this work are the three vacuum cleaners that were advanced for their time. The artist put them into a transparent container make of acryl and added fluorescent lights in the bottom so that the exhibits were properly lit. By inserting the vacuum cleaners into the transparent box and adding fluorescent dramatic lighting the artist made the appliances look like very valuable trophies. This was done in order to communicate the public passion for consumption and the change of values in the society. Koons pointed out th at in the beginning of eighties household appliances were something people had to work hard to buy, they represented everyone’s big goal, they were the evidence of an important achievement. The historic factors that influence Koon and inspired him to create this work of art was the rapid development of technologies and the social passion for consumption and the love for pristine newness.2 Besides, the way the three vacuum cleaners are arranged – in a straight line, makes it clear that the work of art symbolizes not only consumerism but capitalism dwelling in the supermarkets and putting the goods in geometrically correct rows, lines and forms. His work represents the mass culture of the beginning of the eighties and the use of readymade goods presents the nature of consumption in a controversial way by comparing usual objects to valuables and paying capacity to an achievement.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get you r first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Triple Elvis Triple Elvis is a work of art that contains three levels. They are arranged hierarchically. The closes object seen by the viewers of the work is a blow up pool toy shaped as a red lobster. The second dimension of the work includes three photographs of a half naked Playboy model in seductive poses. The last layer is the print made of Westermann’s art works arranged one over another in an abstract manner. This layer is located the farthest from the audience. Each of the dimensions overlaps with the ones near to it. Lobster pool toy is put on top of the whole work. By creating such hierarchy in his art work, Koons demonstrated the reversed values where art is at the very bottom of the pyramid, and pornographic images are more important than it.3 They also are bigger in size. Finally, the very top is occupied by a very simple entertainment item that is not artistic at all. Adding it to his pyramid of art Koons sho ws the new attitude towards aesthetics and beauty. Making the lobster a part of the art work and actually placing it on top of everything else Koons demonstrated the ranks of values. This way Koons’ pyramid of art turns to the pyramid of consumption. The most popular kind of goods and entertainments are represented by the pool toy. The next is a series of images of sexual character – the second most popular consumption product. Finally, art is at the very bottom and is mixed up. In this work Koons makes art a part of consumption culture of the eighties. This is why all art works of Koons were based on the elements of Triple Elvis. Bibliography Farago, Jason. â€Å"Jeff Koons: A Retrospective review – great, good, bad and terrible  art†. The guardian. Web.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Artworks by Jeff Koons specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Fineberg, Jonathan. Art Since 1940. Upper Sad dle River: Peason, 2010. Jeff Koons: A Retrospective†. Whitney.org. Web. Footnotes 1 â€Å"Jeff Koons: A Retrospective†, Whitney.org. 2 Jason Farago, â€Å"Jeff Koons: A Retrospective review – great, good, bad and terrible art†, The guardian. 3 Jonathan Fineberg, Art Since 1940 (Upper Saddle River: Peason, 2010), 460.

The Life and Death of O. Henry (William Sydney Porter)

The Life and Death of O. Henry (William Sydney Porter) Famous short-story writer O. Henry was born William Sydney Porter on Sept. 11, 1862, in Greensboro, N.C. His father, Algernon Sidney Porter, was a physician. His mother, Mrs. Algernon Sidney Porter (Mary Virginia Swaim), died from consumption when O. Henry was just three years old, so he was raised by his paternal grandmother and his aunt. Early Years and Education O. Henry attended the private elementary school of his aunt, Evelina Porter (Miss Lina), starting in 1867. He then went to Linsey Street High School  in Greensboro, but he  left school at the age of 15 to work as a bookkeeper for his uncle at W. C. Porter and Company Drug Store. As a result,  O. Henry was largely self-taught. Being  an avid reader helped. Marriage,  Career, and Scandal O. Henry worked a number of different jobs, including as a ranch hand in Texas, licensed pharmacist, draftsman, bank clerk, and columnist.  And in 1887, O. Henry  married Athol Estes, stepdaughter of Mr. P. G. Roach. His most notorious occupation was as a bank clerk for the First National Bank of Austin. He resigned from his job in 1894 after he was accused of embezzling funds. In 1896, he was arrested on charges of embezzlement. He posted bail, skipped town, and finally returned in 1897 when he learned that his wife was dying. Athol died on July 25, 1897, leaving him one daughter, Margaret Worth Porter (born in 1889). After O. Henry served his time in prison, he married Sarah Lindsey Coleman in Ashville, N.C. in  1907. She  had been his childhood sweetheart. They separated the following year. The Gift of the Magi Short story The Gift of the Magi is one of O. Henrys most famous works. It was published in 1905 and chronicles a cash-strapped couple tasked with buying Christmas presents for each other. Below are some of the key quotes from the story. One dollar and eighty-seven cents. And the next day would be Christmas.There was clearly nothing to do but flop down on the shabby little couch and howl. So Della did it. Which instigates the moral reflection that life is made up of sobs, sniffles, and smiles, with sniffles predominating.The magi, as you know, were wise men - wonderfully wise men - who brought gifts to the Babe in the manger. They invented the art of giving Christmas presents. Being wise, their gifts were no doubt wise ones. Blind Mans Holiday Blind Mans Holiday was published in the short story collection Whirligigs in 1910. Below is a memorable passage from the work: Man is too thoroughly an egoist not to be also an egotist; if he love, the object shall know it. During a lifetime he may conceal it through stress of expediency and honour, but it shall bubble from his dying lips, though it disrupt a neighbourhood. It is known, however, that most men do not wait so long to disclose their passion. In the case of Lorison, his particular ethics positively forbade him to declare his sentiments, but he must needs dally with the subject... In addition to this passage, here are key quotes from O. Henrys other works: He wrote love stories, a thing I have always kept free from, holding the belief that the well-known and popular sentiment is not properly matter for publication, but something to be privately handled by the alienist and the florist.  - The Plutonian FireIt was beautiful and simple as all truly great swindles are.  - The Octopus Marooned Death O. Henry died a poor man on June 5, 1910. Alcoholism and ill health are believed to have been factors in his death. The cause of his death is listed as cirrhosis of the liver. Funeral services were held at a church in New York City, and he was buried in Ashville. His last words are said to have been: Turn up the lights - I dont want to go home in the dark.