The ethical issues surrounding the complexity of transnational economy - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 10 Words: 2859 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Economics Essay Type Cause and effect essay Did you like this example? Executive Summary The ethical issues surrounding the complexity of transnational economy has given rise to the urgent need for garment retailers to set policies that draw on business practice reflecting ethical standards. The debate behind these ethical issues stems from poor conditions that follow the profit pursuit by international commodity chains in the apparel industry. Also, the pursuit for a competitive edge motivate retailers to demand garment supplies through unethical methods such as forcing workers to work excessive hours and produce quickly without ruining the quality of garments. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "The ethical issues surrounding the complexity of transnational economy" essay for you Create order In the process workers forfeit their breaks and are denied overtime pay. Consequently, British clothing retailers are required to adopt a structure that involves cooperating with other firms, trade unions and human rights groups; encouraging employee organising and involvement; minimise the impact of price on wages and working conditions across the supply chain and making an ethical guideline to ensuring that all workers are paid a living wage. Although majority of the garments are produced in India, Bangladesh and China, this report will focus mainly on China because of its strength in human resources and technology as well as potential as regards labour and natural resources. Also this report will differentiate between minimum wage and living wage, highlight issues with wages along the supply chain, and identify competitors that have committed to living wage. In addition the report describes the nature of clothing industry in China, justifies the business case for decent w orking condition and points out barriers to introducing change and operating HR practices and policies. Introduction: Managing human resources is a key factor in determining the success or failure of a business. From a global viewpoint, Multi-National Companies strive to compete to exploit opportunities that globalization offers. This quest for success has paved way for the recognition and importance of effectively managing human resources (Scullion 1995). However, the pursuance of diverse interests of employees (Kelloway et al 2004) of Multi-National Companies (MNC) and the impact of poor HR practices and policies on their productivity, morale and well-being also contribute to failure in business. (Tayeb 2005) In view of this, some theorists (Maslow 1943; Marx 1988; Smith 2003) argue that an employees interest which lies in the ability to afford the basic necessities of life is determined by the wage earned and so wage is a primary means of survival. Given that wage is based on labour and work determines the framework to life, fulfilment and identity of an employee; it is important that wage u nderlines the value and dignity of work by providing a sufficient remuneration for carrying it out. In that way it creates a rationale to how employees make distinctions between their worth and themselves since the level of their confidence and financial security depicts the value of they earn. Living wage vs. Minimum wage Employers are ethically obliged to pay a fair wage whenever possible (Figart 2001). However, whether an employer is legally required to pay wages at least slightly above the basic subsistence level, it doesnt automatically mean that it is sufficient to provide a decent living for the employee as Figart (2001) argues. Waltman (2000) refers to the former as minimum wage and the latter as living wage. Therefore it can be argued that since a minimum wage is enforced by law in which the government is inclined to balancing the needs of workers as well as the interests of employers then a voluntarily paid living wage is more beneficial than the minimum wage. The level of living wage is calculated using calculation approach or negotiated approach (Waltman 2000) and is based on the expenditure that is required for a decent standard of living as measured by the criteria of the society in which the employee lives (Waltman 2004). Issues with wages along the supply chain In the supply chain payment of wages to employees is given less priority because employers focus more low production cost or on deducting administration and raw materials costs and as such employees are paid partial wages or denied wages for months. What is more is that they disrespect minimum wage legislation, discriminate against migrant workers and neglect social contributions by paying informal employees in an informal way (Whitehead 2010). Presently, campaign movements like Labour behind the Label (LBL), Clean Clothes Campaign (CCC) defend garment workers efforts worldwide to improve their working conditions and they liaise with trade unions, consumer organisations, campaign groups, and charities to achieve their objective. Commitment to living wage LBL campaign reports that British clothing retailers like Burberry, Arcadia group, Aurora fashions, Primark, Gap, Next, Monsoon Accessorize and New look, Marks and Spencer (Johnstone 2010) are making commitments to a living wage project. For example, Burberry demonstrates commitment to paying living wage by stating living wages are paid in section 5.2.5 of its Ethical Trading policy claiming that implementing an ethical sourcing strategy helps it achieve its business objectives. Although many of these high profile British brands in the Clothing industry openly acknowledge the need to increase the poverty wages paid to garment workers in their commodity chain, they tend to concentrate more on workers productivity rather than on rewards. Indeed the situation of wage behind the UK High street is disturbing as garment workers labour excessive hours in pitiable working conditions to provide to produce garments worth over  £36 billion a year for high profile British Clothing retaile rs (LBL report 2009). In spite of this, these workers wages are too low to afford them the basic necessities of life. Having pointed out how some British clothing retailers have committed to paying a living wage, following is a brief description of the nature of clothing business in one of our supply base, China. Nature of clothing industry in China The clothing industry in China is a typical buyer-driven chain that is highly intensive in labour.  [1]  The workforce is made up of women where majority are migrants (Chan 2004). It is a typical factory norm to work beyond the legal limit  [2]  that is approved by the Chinese labour law  [3]  (Chan 2005). HR Issues (China Supply Chain) Low wage and piece-rate payment system  [4] Tight labour control,  [5]  exploitation,  [6]  physical and sexual abuses, discrimination, health and safety neglect. Workers are deprived the right to freedom of association and are persecuted for protesting or striking against unfair employment practices. Chinese internal migration regulations subject migrant workers to the economic bondage and exploitation  [7]  . This shows that Chinese garment workers sweat high profits for British clothing brands at the detriment of their dignity, health and above all lives. PEST Analysis: Kotler (1998) argues that a PEST analysis (Luffman et al 1996) is a necessary technique to appreciate the potential and operations of a business. Political Environment: Governments trade restrictions, labour laws and policies (freedom of association). Economic Environment: Price of commodity, labour market (living wage), demand, customer behaviour, taxation on trade and workers. Social Environment: Fast fashion, employment conditions Technological Environment: Machineries, computers and tools used in the production, packaging and distribution units. The business case for decent working condition The awareness of poor working conditions in the garment industry calls for employers to apply ethical reasoning to business practices as well as play ethical roles in managing people. Just as Bohlander, Snell Sherman (2001) argue that people play important roles in developing the competitive advantage of a business, a business case should be considered in order to improve general employment conditions operating within production units owned by suppliers. The rationale for this case is that if garment workers continue to work under inhumane working conditions, this could affect the business in the following ways: Living wage Smith (1776) argued that an employee who performs manual or industrial labour is more active and efficient when wages are high. Meanwhile, motivation theorists (Maslow 1954, Herzberg 1959, Alderfer 1972 cited in Hume 1995) link remuneration to motivation and Steel-Johnson et al (2000) relate motivation to ability and productivity. Therefore, unfair pay le ads to less motivation, reduced productivity and decreased efficiency. Consequently, the company suffers high employee turn-over and since theres a shortage of skilled labour  [8]  in the supply base (China), recruiting more workers and retaining existing workers will be an unnecessary cost to put up with as research indicates  [9]  . For instance, Barclays bank has benefited from paying a living wage  [10]  . On the contrary, an economic critique argues that living wage contributes to unemployment, inflation and business failure (ibid). However, the unavailability of evidence (ibid) marks this argument unreliable. To this end, it can be argued that until there is a concrete proof that paying living wage produces adverse outcomes, there is nothing wrong with paying workers wages that meet the cost of their basic needs and standard of living. Branding, Business reputation and Customer relationship: Researchers have linked branding to high profits (Gobe 2001), differ entiation, enhanced customer loyalty and satisfaction (Hollensen 2003) and competitive advantage (Martin and Beaumont 2003).Therefore, a business is at the risk of losing customers and investors if the press and other interested groups like ILO, NGOs, ethical shoppers  [11]  and campaign movements such as CCC, LBL find out about its poor employment conditions. The impact of this tainting exposure may affect the relationship it has with consumers. For instance, Marks and Spencers (MS) faced a high profile embarrassment in December 2010 for exploiting its workers in the garment industry  [12]  . Therefore retaining an unethical trading system will weaken customer relationship as well as tarnish the image and reputation of the business thus diminishing its opportunity for a competitive edge. Statutory standards and Ethical Code compliance: Moreover the risk of losing business and tainting corporate image is high if its suppliers do not adhere to the legal standards concer ning wages, health and safety, work hours and child labour plus ethically apply codes of labour practice set by for instance the LBLs Ethical Trading Initiative Code (ETI). More so, if a company decides to take business somewhere else it contributes to unemployment and unsavoury outcomes; it is like adding insult to injury. For example, in year 2000, GAP suffered from such predicament  [13]  but made amends by ensuring its suppliers complied with ethical codes and legal standards. Health, safety and work environment Furthermore if workers produce in a hazardous work environment, it can affect the quality of work (garments will be badly sewn or soiled with dirt), disrupt their work pattern which will prolong production and supply time likewise the health and safety of workers. Of course the outcome is cost incentive (high staff turnover and low product turnover). Management of migrant workers Additionally, migrant workers dominate the supply chain and the attraction f or recruiting migrant workers lie in their satisfactory work ethics. However, suppliers tend to indirectly recruit and employ migrant workers and this leads to high possibilities of abuse and increased costs. Also migrant workers are not provided with sufficient training, effective dispute resolution and are not protected under laws at national level. As such, Pfeffer (1998) argues that managing people effectively can significantly enhance economic performance. Therefore, managing people ineffectively can increase turnover, absenteeism, reduce productivity as well as tarnish corporate image and attract unnecessary media cost. Buying practices So far the issue of paying a living wage and improving working conditions have been raised. Similarly, purchasing patterns such as changing orders at the eleventh hour, shortening lead times and insisting on low prices from suppliers leads to unnecessary overtime and payment of low wage  [14]  . And so by adopting an ethical pattern t o procurement, the business prevents substandard produce, delayed supply, extra cost and short-term supplier relationship. What is more is the reputational risk that follows with purchasing practices that violate human rights. Of course a sustainable retail company needs a long-term relationship with an ethical supplier. Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) Embracing a CSR strategy towards improving employment conditions requires the moral obligation of a business towards others who are affected by the organisations actions (Sims 2003). Sinzig (2010) argues that CSR is the voluntary engagement of a company to undertake ethical practices in labour and employment by enhancing the workplace of all employees by going beyond existing regulatory standards and meeting stakeholders claims. In a nutshell, Zadek (2007) argues that the pursuit of CSR strategy provides the organisation with at least the following specific business and HR benefits; Improved customer loyalty Improved employee productivity, satisfaction, commitment, retention and recruitment practice Less legal issues and reduced conflict Higher profits and lower capital costs Access to capital Risk management Increased organisational performance Superior brand name Innovation and Learning Barriers to introducing change: There are obstacles that work against introducing change. They are listed below as follows: Living wage: Academics (Briscoe and Schuler, 2004) argue that paying a living wage results to unemployment, inflation, business close down, immigration pitfall and work shortage yet economist argue that it increases purchasing power and enhances productivity (Sidney and Webb 1897). Similarly, Waltman (2004) argues that there are no evidences to prove the reality of adverse outcomes claimed by anti-living wage supporters and Arkin (2011) concurs by asserting that the added value from higher pay is proportionally greater than the cost of the increase. Nevertheless an obstacle here is computing a fair profit rate taking into account the company bears cost in organising production, selling finished products, ensuring continuity and capital risk. In addition, because paying a living wage is not bound by law, suppliers would argue that the government increases the statutory minimum wage in p reference to committing to paying a non-statutory living wage. It could then be argued that minimum wage should represent a floor while living wage should represent ethical practice standard but bearing in mind that minimum wages differ according to countries Britain is  £5.93 per hour (ONS 2010) and China is 800.0 RMB per month ( £75.3) (TRAVAIL legal databases 2009) -, it becomes problematic tackling the following questions; Since living wage in London is  £7.85, will it be ethical to pay workers in China the same? How realistic is this? Compliance and monitoring: Another barrier to introducing change is the issue of compliance. Regarding suppliers complying with ethical standards, retailers adopt a cookie-cutter method in bringing in change because it saves them the time to supervise. Unfortunately this doesnt help in China because suppliers tend to falsify documents, train workers to lie or bribe auditors  [15]  in order to sustain good relationship with reta ilers. Therefore audit results become unreliable to work with. Likewise when a supply base is used by several brands, it tends to be shady about its work practices when undergoing an audit from an external firm. Barriers to operative HR policy and practice: Convergence and Divergence: Brewster et al (2002) point out that the effectiveness of global HRM depends on the ability to judge the extent to which an organisation should implement similar practices across the globe (Converge) or adapt them to suit local conditions (Diverge). Therefore reaching a balance between laws, practices or policies to be implemented (International or local) and which will achieve better outcomes tend to frustrate the operationalization of HR policies and practices. Environmental factors: Gerhart and Fang (2005) argue that there are discrepancies in centrality of markets, institutions, regulations, collective bargaining and labour-force characteristics between global environments and the influence of these issues create problems in managing people. For example, the ban on freedom of association in China by the government is seen as infringing on civil rights in a British and international setting. Therefore implementing policies and practices like employee involvement and collective bargaining over wages can be difficult to guarantee because of persecution workers receive from the Chinese government. Recruitment and cost: The need to allocate to senior management the responsibility of implementing this ethical trade action plan in the supply base requires intensive training. On the other hand, the size of the supply factory will entail recruiting and financing more human resources to execute the project. And so, this could delay operations. Also it is expensive to hire audit specialist considering the size of the supply base and economy. Besides, recruiting and training an internal workforce to on skills that will prepare them to strictly inspect and report labour practices will attract a higher financial plan. What is more is the issue of measuring expatriates operations since performance standards differ across borders. Recommendation and Conclusion A living wage should underline the value and dignity of work as well as be sufficient to afford basic needs. The benefit of setting up a policy that guides the conduct of the business as well as its workers varies from legal protection to better consumer and public relationship. Therefore, it is important that the retail company considers its current business practices and provide its suppliers with improved working settings through incorporating ethical trading practices. This can be done by employing a systematic plan of action that embraces commitment in integrating ethical trading, monitoring and supervising development effectively as well as training employees within the organisation and its supply base. It is clear that retaining a low road competitive strategy rather than a high road approach to competitiveness can hinder profit and also violate human rights. Therefore to ethically apply a cost minimization strategy, retailers should improve on technology used in the p roduction unit. Replacing manual processes with automated operations and increasing the flexibility of machines will speed up the production cycle and reduce lead time, cost of labour and production. This innovation will control purchasing practice, overtime and maximise profits which will be needed to pay worker a living wage.

Creatine is a Safe Alternative To Steroids Essay - 468 Words

Creatine is a Safe Alternative To Steroids How can I build muscle, boost my performance and lose fat? This question has generated hundred of books and magazine titles. Many people even risk their health in a chance to look buff. If you spend the time reading these articles you will certainly find no shortage of proposed answers, complete with picture documentation of the results with the use sport supplements. Even recreational athletes who might play softball on the weekend or shoot a game of hoops on occasion find it hard to resist the messages that promise the bigger muscles, and thinner body, and all from a bottle or pill. Creatine is perhaps the best supplement ever to hit the sports nutrition market. Creatine is a†¦show more content†¦A number of studies have examined the effect of creatine supplementation on performance. The consensus appears to be that creatine can increase the amount of work done by 8% in the first few short duration, maximal effort trials. Creatine also helped reduce energy waste. As a result, creatine enhances performance and decreases you muscle fatigue. Opposition to the supplement says that creatine is unnatural. If fact a normal liver makes about 2 grams of creatine each day. Creatine is also found available from the red meat in your diet. Creatine can be a great benefit to those with bodies that dont produce enough of the substance naturally. Some opponents to creatine want to classify creatine as a steroid. Creatine is classified as a supplement under the Dietary Supplement and Health Education Act of 1994 and is available over the counter to anyone. Creatine has proven to enhance the performance of athletes of many sports. The opinion of Shannon Sharpe, the Denver Broncos tight end, will not be swayed. He said definitely, I believe that it works. He has plenty of company. No one knows exactly how many athletes us creatine, but, as Outside the Lines reported in a television special, and estimated 75 perc ent of Super Bowl champion Denver Broncos favor the use of creatine. Creatine also received a huge boost when reporters revealed that St. Louis Cardinal MarkShow MoreRelatedSteroids and Our World758 Words   |  3 PagesAnabolic steroids are synthetic steroid hormones made to resemble testosterone. These drugs are not the only performance enhancing drugs (PED’s) out there. Some are not even steroids, such as: creatine, tamoxifen, propranolol, cox-2, albuterol, ephedrine, and erythpoietin. These performance enhancing drugs may be boosting the skill level in an athlete’s career, but it is doing no good to the health of the athlete himself. Multiple sports are having reports of athletes using PED’s including baseballRead More Steroids Essay1200 Words   |  5 Pages What are Steroids? Until the year 1935 scientists never knew that testosterone steroids were associated with an increase in muscle production. During the next two years scientists found through research with dogs that in certain circumstances steroids had an increase on muscle mass production. There are three major divisions of steroids: corticosteroids, estrogens and progestogens, androgens. Corticosteroids are found in both prescription and non-prescription creams that are used to control rashesRead MoreErgogenic Aids Essay3570 Words   |  15 Pagesof action, available research, adverse effects, and legality) that will help them counsel patients. Common ergogenic aids include anabolic steroids, which increase muscle mass. These illegal supplements are associated with a number of serious adverse effects, some irreversible. Creatine modestly improves athletic performance and appears to be relatively safe. Dehydroepiandrosterone and androstenedione do not improve athletic performance but apparently ha ve similar adverse effects as testosteroneRead MoreShould Drugs Be Banned?1869 Words   |  8 Pagesthe drugs should be controlled and made legal. What actually is a performance-enhancing drug? ‘A performance-enhancing drug is any substance taken by sportsman and woman to improve their sporting performance. This term typically refers to anabolic steroids used in sports by professionals and amateurs’. [1] My argument will go into why these drugs should be banned completely and that we should come down hard on all the athletes involved, also my argument will show the other side of the story, why theseRead More_x000C_Introduction to Statistics and Data Analysis355457 Words   |  1422 PagesPopulation Proportion 482 9.3 Conï ¬ dence Interval for a Population Mean 495 x ââ€"   Contents 9.4 Interpreting and Communicating the Results of Statistical Analyses 508 Activity 9.1 Getting a Feel for Conï ¬ dence Level 514 Activity 9.2 An Alternative Conï ¬ dence Interval for a Population Proportion 515 Activity 9.3 Verifying Signatures on a Recall Petition 516 Activity 9.4 A Meaningful Paragraph 516 Graphing Calculator Explorations 521 10 Hypothesis Testing Using a Single Sample 10.1 Hypotheses

Most Memorable Day of My Life Free Essays

string(89) " of virtual communication that we are lacking a physical contact with our acquaintances\." Ten years ago, the Internet was practically unheard of by most people. Today, the Internet is one of the most powerful tools throughout the world. The Internet is a collection of various services and resources. We will write a custom essay sample on Most Memorable Day of My Life or any similar topic only for you Order Now The Internet’s main components are E-mail and the World Wide Web. Actually, there’s a lot more to the Internet than E-mail, search engines, celebrity web sites, up-to-the-second sports scores, and chat rooms full of discussions. The Net also ranks as one of today’s best business tools. Almost all households contain the Internet; however, before people connect to the Internet, they need to be aware of its disadvantages and advantages. Many people fear the Internet because of its disadvantages. They claim to not use the Internet because they are afraid of the possible consequences or are simply not interested. People who have yet connected to the Internet claim they are not missing anything. Today’s technological society must realize that it is up to them to protect themselves on the Internet. There is no doubt that the Internet is one of the greatest humankind’s inventions of the last century. It is fast and easy way to get a lot of valuable information. However, some people believe that the Internet creates many problems. From my point of view I think that the Internet brings us advantages as well as disadvantages. First of all, I think that the Internet brings us many benefits. People can have access to the latest news, weather, traffic, bid-and-asked quotations, etc. Another important benefit is that the Internet is a great means of communication. A few years ago it was rather difficult to imagine that it would be possible to communicate with people from all around the world. Students have the opportunity to speak to the professors from prestigious universities, ask their opinions and extend their range of interests. People have the opportunity to communicate with the people from other countries, find out their customs, traditions and even visit each other. I think that the Internet makes our world smaller and friendlier. We’ ve got the chance to learn more about the world’s history, our forefathers and gain more knowledge. From the other hand, many questions and difficulties arose with the appearance of the Internet. For example, children got the easy access to the information they are not supposed to read. Also, people’s security and rivacy are often violated through steeling and gathering information about people and then selling it. Many banks had to increase their Internet security because of hacking. However, I believe that Internet gave us more advantages and opportunities than disadvantages and problems. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF USING INTERNET In the history of mankind, the Internet is the greatest development in the domain of communication industry. Internet h as tremendous potential and a lot to offer in terms of services. We can notice advantages and disadvantages of using Internet. In the beginning we can indicate some advantages. At first, Internet is a source of information. There is a huge amount of information available on the Internet for just about every subject known to man, for example from government law and services, market information, new ideas and technical support. Students use Internet to doing their homeworks. Even teachers have started giving assignments that require extensive research on the Internet. Intenet can be also a tool to comunication. We can send email or use chat rooms to contact with person who physically is a thousand kilometres away. We can talk to our friends or strange people, who looking for new friends. But to majority of users, Internet is source of only entertaiment. Downloading games, movies, music or just surfing the celebrity websites are some of the uses people have discovered. We can also notice some disadvantages of using Internet. First disadvantage is theft of personal details. If we use the Internet, our personal information such as your name, address, credit card, bank details and other information can be accessed by culprits. Also It is possible for Internet users to become habitually addicted. People suffering from Internet addiction use the virtual world to as a substitution for real-life human connection. At last, computers are getting viruses from the Internet. Virus is is a program which disrupts the normal functioning of your computer systems. Computers attached to internet are more prone to virus attacks and they can end up into crashing our hard disk. Similar to each and every invention, the Internet has a both of advantages and disadvantages. It depends on us, what we choose. Some advantages and disadvantages of internet Availability of Knowledge Advantages The internet which was once just a little puddle, now, have become an ocean; an ocean of knowledge. It is like a magical crystal ball which has an answer for every question of yours and the best thing about it is; it is completely free. I know how much I have learnt from the internet. How internet is better than books when it comes to knowledge? The answer to this would be the infinity of the internet. Plus, apart from this, learning from internet is much more fun. You have all kinds of videos about basically every topic that you can imagine of. Disadvantages If availability of knowledge helps people to do good things, it is also, a help for evil. There are thousands of websites which tells you ways to make a bomb or how to commit suicide. People even learn how to hack websites from the internet. Communication Advantages Another amazing thing about the internet is the communication that it makes possible. Most of the business firms communicate with each other with the help of e-mails. It is not only a faster way but also the safer way too. With internet you can video chat with a person who might be in some other continent as of yours. Disadvantages We are getting so use to of virtual communication that we are lacking a physical contact with our acquaintances. You read "Most Memorable Day of My Life" in category "Papers" It is separating us from the real world around us, which I think smothers the development of personality of an individual. Smaller World Advantage Due to internet our world is becoming smaller and smaller. Computers which are connected to internet are connected to each other. This facilitates the transfer of a file or even a folder from one computer to another. Disadvantage Due to this connection your personal data canbestolen from your computer. Various kinds of virus, malware, and spyware enter your computer via internet. Convenience Advantages With the help of the internet we can do almost everything at home. We can do everything from paying bills to buying airline tickets, from finding jobs to ordering stuff. It sure saves us lots of time in this busy and competitive world. Apart from this, it also saves us energy so that you can put that energy to more productive things. Disadvantages Like every technology, internet too reduces your effort but in return it takes a toll on your health. As you can get practically everything sitting at your home you don’t go around physically. So, your physical activity goes to nil. I believe any type of transaction that you do on internet is unsafe. Hackers can suck all of your life’s savings if you use internet banking services. Social Network Advantages Social networks have changed our lives. It is like a virtual world. I personally think if you have an account in a social networking website then you are never alone. There is always something happening. I think the best part of social networking websites is, they can sometimes work like a support group because I feel someone can tell what they feel and people listen to it. It is like an outlet for your emotions, which, if kept inside screws an individual mind. Disadvantages As everything else this also have negative effects. According to me, the wastage of time is the biggest damage that social networking websites cause. Porn Advantage It is believed that people who are not sexually satisfied cannot work at their best. As everyone doesn’t have a partner, so, I think porn can help in releasing that sexual tension. And with the help of internet these porn/videos are easily available and for free. Disadvantage I’ll list some of the many disadvantages that it has. First of all, the children are getting more involved in porn, due to this; they are losing their innocence at a very little age. The violence that is shown in the video that are available in the internet is quite disturbing. I read about a serial killer named called, Ted Bundy. He gave an interesting theory about serial killers. He said people with these kinds of tendencies have some background with such type of cruel and violent porn. Virtual Information Advantage With more people relying on internet for getting information the usage of books will also reduce. This will decrease deforestation and will prove eco-friendly. Disadvantage If people will choose internet over books this will increase the energy consumption. Jobs Business Advantage Thousands of people are using internet to get their bread and butter. There are all types of jobs available on the internet from data entering to translation. Websites and blogs are solely internet based businesses and rom what I know people are earning quite a healthy amount of money from it. You just need an idea and great determination to pull it off. Disadvantage To tell you the truth I don’t think there is a valid disadvantage to this but if I be a little strict a low wage might be one. I some cases, it depends upon the country in which you reside American and Europeans are paid highest. Entertainment Advantage I think more than anything mentioned above entertainme nt is the thing for which the internet is used. You can find almost every song made anywhere in the world on the internet and same is for movies. All sorts of multiplayer games can be played with an opponent who might be on the other side of the world; thanks to internet. Disadvantage Internet has encouraged the concept of piracy. Due to this, the individual or the production house or the music label that produces a particular piece of music/movie/video game ends up with a hole in their profits. Asking a question Advantage If there is a question in your mind of which no answer can be found neither in the books nor on the internet itself then, there are lots of sites available in which you can put a question and there will be millions of people answering it. As you don’t need to reveal any identity to do so; you can ask the most embarrassing questions. Disadvantage Most of the people answering these questions are not qualified professionals. This leads to lot of myths spreading around. Data Storage Advantage There are lots of sites on which you can store your vital data by paying a small rent of the hard disk that it takes. For very important things like wedding video or pictures which you don’t want to lose can be stored there because crashing of the hard drive is not a very rare sight now a days. Disadvantage We have seen endless number of times in history that these kinds of sites have been compromised by hackers. This creates a fear in the mind of users about the secrecy of their content. Your Opinion – Advantages and disadvantages of internet So, here we are at the end of the article. I have tried to put some advantages and disadvantages of internet in a non-conventional kind of way from what you’ll normally see. In case there is something that went past then you can share it with rest of us. Thank you. How to cite Most Memorable Day of My Life, Papers

Legal Risk Management for the Flaggs †Free Samples for Students

Question: Discuss About the Legal Risk Management for the Flaggs? Answer: Introducation The construction industry is full of many risks which are experienced when the decision of construction is made (Atkin, Borgbrant Josephson, 2003). Different parties such as the architect, the owner and the contractor are in charge of different decisions which are made in the construction industry. The pre-construction and the construction industries are key the major areas where the risks are able to happen each day the activities are underway. The availability of the risks is every project is a common norm and Faggs Mitre 10 project is not an exception to the existence of the risks. For this project, Fagg Bros Pty Ltd, P. J. O'Reilly Associates and Lyons construction are the key parties who are able to handle the different risks for the project. Moreover, these parties are able to act at different capacities and this means that the parties are charged to be responsible for the different risks in the project (Lingard, H., Rowlinson, 2005). For the past few decades, the innovation and growth in the construction industry has led to a high increase of the risks, which are involved (Engineers, 2006 and National Research Council (U.S.), 2009). The projects in the construction are becoming more complex and uncertainties are increasing each day. This has given rise and increase of the risk management within the construction industry. The increase and complexity of the Faggs Mitre 10 project is complex enough to lead to the increase of these risks. The need to resolve them is key to ensure that the different parties are able to execute their responsibilities well. The risk management process is therefore a key process for this project to ensure that the execution is done and completed on time (Edwards, 2009). Failure to the address of the risks, the projects face the risk of being closed up. Coordination of all these parties is key in ensuring that the project is a success and the mitigation of the risks is achieved at any given time. This paper will be able to ana lyze the different risks which the Feggs Mitre 10 project. In addition, the paper will be able to analyze the key parties who are responsible to resolving these risks (Manseau Shields, 2005). Moreover, the paper will analyzed the key dispute resolution measure which the parties can be able to apply when resolving these risks. At the pre-construction phase, one of the key risk which projects ate able to face is the delay in the approval of the designs and other drawings. The design approval must be done before the construction of the projects is able to start (Li, Poon, Proske, 2013). The architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates should be able to conduct the authorities who are responsible to the approval of the Feggs Mitre 10 project to ensure that the are approved for construction. Due to the failure to have this process, the construction phase where the contractor is expected to undertake the activities will be unable to begin (Hughes Ferrett, (2016). These documents are able to provide the quality of the project since the authorities must be able to make sure that they are able to meet different specifications. The drawings and other documents approval are key for this project. The Feggs Mitre 10 project has several categories of the projects which must be analyzed and approved by the authorities. Moreo ver, the architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates is the best party who is responsible for making sure that the designs and other documents are approved. After the design, the failure for the timely submission and approval must be met. The different drawing for Feggs Mitre 10 projects is able to address different aspects of the project. The projects must be analyzed and be approved by the authorities. The P. J. O'Reilly Associates should be able to follow up and make sure that these documents are approved and issue them to the contractor. When delay on the approval occurs, P. J. O'Reilly Associates can be able to hold meeting with the authorities to ensure that the documents are provided on time. This will ensure that the project is able to begin on time and the planning is efficient with all relevant materials. In addition, in order to start this project at high note, the key parties must be able to coordinate well (Wu, 2011). The Feggs Mitre 10 project has several key parties who need to coordinate well in order to achieve the required completion goal (Burtonshaw-Gunn, 2017). In many cases, the different parties is a project may have different vies which may lead to their un-satisfaction with others. This may cause rift among the parties and therefore be able to lead to the ineffective project execution. The Feggs Mitre 10 project has key parties who include the client, Fegg Bros Pty Ltd, the architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates and the contractor, Lyons construction. This early misunderstanding may prove to be critical to the project implementation. This may lead to increase of confrontations and arguments on the way to execute the project on any given time (Construction Industry Publications, Ltd, Construction Confederation, 1999). This may take time and therefore be able to lead to wo rk delays. Project of the magnitude of Feggs Mitre 10 project require proper coordination where all parties are able to speak with one voice. This will ensure that the project is well implemented. In order to resolve this risk, the client, Fegg Bros Pty Ltd is the best party who is able to resolve the lack of coordination between the parties. Since all the other parties have contract and agreements with the client, he is able to resolve the different issues of coordinate which are in the project. In addition, P. J. O'Reilly Associates is also able to act on behave of the client in order to resolve these issues. As a client representative, can hold meeting will all the available clients in order to be able to resolve the coordination issues. This will be the best dispute resolution measure which can be applied to ensure that the progress of the planning of the project is not affected. Another key risk, which is found on the pre-construction phase, is the errors, omissions and discrepancies in the designs. The designs are key part of the planning stages and any problems on them can lead to the stalling of the project (ztas And kmen, 2005). The Feggs Mitre 10 project has several key designs which need to be used in order to accomplish different activities. When these problems are learnt early, the redesign and analysis of the designs must be done to ensure that the project meet the specific provisions (Lingard Rowlinson, 2005). The Feggs Mitre 10 project is a key project which involve detailed designs according to the different drawings presented. The architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates is the party who is able to resolve these problems in the designs. The architects are the experts who can be able to look at the designs and be able to identify any issues. Moreover, v can use dialogue between the client and the other parties in order to be able to resolve the des ign problems and enhance the planning. In addition, during the construction phase, many risks are also experienced and noticed. One of the key reason, which can be experienced in the process, is the cost overruns. The changes in the different parameters are able to lead to the cost overruns in a projects. This happens when the contractor was able to mention the full lump sum for the costs and thus unable to enhance the project construction (Bunni, 2011). The Feggs Mitre 10 project is able to address this risk by providing and estimate of the cost of project. The project is given a range, which the project must be able to achieve its mandate. Te feggs Mitre 10 project is estimated to cost between $5 million and $10 million. This range is able to show that the project cost may go with project. The contractor, Lyons contractor and the architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates are in the pole position in the resolving of this risk. In terms of the dispute resolution, the architect may use the different details and ensure that all parties are moving in one direction. Moreover, the projects are estimated to take certain timeline. The violation of the deadline is highly discouraged in the projects and this required proper analysis (Smith, Merna Jobling, 2014). The delay on the completion is able to attract many more expenses therefore making the project costly. The contractor, Lyons construction and the architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates are the key parties who are able to resolve this problem. The architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates can be able to analyze the reasons for the untimely project construction. In order to resolve this problem, P. J. O'Reilly Associates can call a meeting and ensure that the different timely activities are executed on time. Dialogue and meeting are key in ensuring that the risks in this sector are fully resolved. In addition, during the construction phase, the adversarial relationships are key to ensure that the projected is executed within the deadline (Institution of Civil Engineers (Great Britain), 2006 and Osipova, Apleberger, 2007). As the number of parties in a construction site increase, the adversarial communication is able to decrease. This cause the lack of communication which may lead to lack of well flow of the information which is meant for construction. The resolving of the adversarial relationship is key for the Feggs Mitre 10 project. This will ensure that the timely completion is achieved according to the requirement. The client, Fegg Bros Pty Ltd and the architect, P. J. O'Reilly Associates are key parties who can help to resolve this issue. In order to attain the required results, P. J. O'Reilly Associates can use the meeting at site to ensure that the relationships between the different parties are enhanced (Ludhra, 2015). This is an important dispute resolution mechani sm which can be used to ensure that the different parties are able to pass the information to other parties in the industry. In conclusion, the risks in both the pre-construction and construction phases are key in enhancing the projects completion. Moreover, for Feggs Mitre 10, the resolution is able to show that the project need a strong resolution mechanisms. The increase and complexity of the Fegg Mitre 10 project is key to ensure that the different personnel meet their targets. Dialogue and meeting are some of the key dispute resolution mechanisms which is able to consider their movement. the analysis of the risks and their issues is able extend the construction project and ensure timely completion. References ATKIN, B., BORGBRANT, J., JOSEPHSON, P.-E. (2003). Construction process improvement. Oxford, Blackwell Science. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=351032. BUNNI, N. G. (2011). Risk and insurance in construction. London, Spon Press. BURTONSHAW-GUNN, S. A. (2017). Risk and Financial Management in Construction. https://lib.myilibrary.com?id=997116. CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY PUBLICATIONS, LTD, CONSTRUCTION CONFEDERATION. (1999). Risk assessment in construction guide. Sheldon, Birmingham, Construction Industry Publications. EDWARDS, L. (2009). Practical risk management in the construction industry. London, Thomas Telford Ltd. ENGINEERS, I. O. C. (2006). Reducing Occupational Health Risks In Construction: Manage The Risks Not The Symptoms. London, Institution of Civil Engineers. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3307780. HUGHES, P., FERRETT, E. (2016). Introduction to health and safety in construction: for the NEBOSH national certificate in construction health and safety. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=4015309. INSTITUTION OF CIVIL ENGINEERS (GREAT BRITAIN). (2006). Reducing occupational health risks in construction: manage the risks not the symptoms : delegate information : Friday 19 May 2006. London, Thomas Telford. https://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/content/book/102422. LI, R. Y. M., POON, S. W., PROSKE, D. (2013). Construction safety. LINGARD, H., ROWLINSON, S. M. (2005). Occupational health and safety in construction project management. London, Spon Press. LUDHRA, S. (2015). Common sense guide to health and safety in construction. https://www.dawsonera.com/depp/reader/protected/external/AbstractView/S9781315858784. MANSEAU, A., SHIELDS, R. (2005). Building tomorrow: innovation in construction and engineering. Aldershot, Hants, England, Ashgate. NATIONAL RESEARCH COUNCIL (U.S.). (2009). Construction research at NIOSH: reviews of research programs of the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. https://public.eblib.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=3378465. OSIPOVA, E. APLEBERGER, L. (2007), Risk management in different forms of contract and collaboration - case of Sweden. CIB World Building Congress 2007. 14-18 May 2007, Cape Town ZTAS, A. AND KMEN, O. (2005), Judgmental risk analysis process development in construction projects. Building and Environment, 40 (9), 1244-1254. SMITH, N. J., MERNA, T., JOBLI

Marketing Plan for a New Product

Current Market Situation Baba Buddy is a toy for little children aged three years and below. The toy is an innovative idea that was developed by Arnold Amacha who has worked in the cartoon industry for 20 years. The combined efforts of Arnold and his wife Mary Amacha have brought forth the entrepreneurial activities witnessed in Baba Buddy Industries. The toy is new in the market but it faces stiff competition from brands such as Telletubies, Barbie Toys, Brown Babies and Bunny Rabbits.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for a New Product specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The latest statistics indicate that there are 2 million babies born every year in America and the age group below three years includes about 5 million kids. Baba Buddy is a toy that is too interesting for kids to share and so each child requires a personal product. From the design and practical use of the product, it will be understoo d why the developers perceive that each child have his or her own Baba Buddy toy. The market is however proliferated by toys meant for young children. Telletubies holds majority of the customers with 35% market share while Barbie Toys holds 20%, Brown Babies 15% and Bunny Rabbits 12%. The remaining 22% is shared between dozens of small scale toy manufacturers who target low income consumers. It will be of great importance that Baba Buddy positions itself well in the market so as to appeal to its customer segments using the appropriate marketing strategies. Market description The market of Baba Buddy consists of the expectant mothers and parents of children aged three years and below. This market is very large because there are many people who become expectant every year whether through planned or unplanned pregnancies. The aim of Baby Buddy is to provide young children with safe and educative toys which provide both entertainment and knowledge. The customer segments identified by Ba ba Buddy marketers include the following: high class customers who have a monthly income above 3000 USD, middle income earners earning between 1000-3000 USD and low income earners earning anything below 1000 USD. The targeted customer segment will include children between 12 and 24 years. Children below one year are not targeted because they require colorful and noisy toys which they can grab but those between 1 and 2 years can play with toys with informative details such as numbers and the alphabet. Product review The Baba Buddy toy will be designed in the shape of a sheep. It will have a flurry covering which will be white in color. The sheep will be the size of a pillow and it will have letters of the alphabet spelt on one side and the numbers 0-10 written boldly on the other.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The Baba Buddy toy will have a tail which if twisted triggers a musical alarm which sings â€Å"Baba black sheep have you any wool, yes sir yes sir three black wool†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The neck of the sheep will also have a button which, if pressed, initiates the recitation of the alphabet and numbers 1 to 10. This musical theme will be intended on getting children to recite these syllables so as to assist them with pronunciation. This toy will be ideal for children aged between 12 and 24 months as they have the ability to comprehend their surroundings. Competitor review The toy market has been proliferated by competing products because children have always been there since the beginning of time. The toy industry began centuries ago since children have always had the need to play with items that are around them. In the US toy market, there are four major players who aggressively compete for market share. Telletubies which are the market leaders have the advantage of a strong brand because of their famous cartoon series which was aired all over the wo rld. The Telletubies Show captured children from all backgrounds and races and this was translated into sales through development of the Telletubies toys. Telletubies toys are highly priced because of their brand name and they are mostly bought by high class consumers. Barbie Toys, on the other hand, are slightly cheaper than Telletubies but are more available in the market as the strategy adopted by the producing company is the market penetration strategy. Brown Babies are commonly bought by parents who have rough kids. They are made from tough materials which last long and are harder to tear. The Bunny Rabbit toys have the shape of a bunny which resembles the Bugs Bunny, a character from Walt Disney. The shape of the famous bunny is what provides competitive advantage to this competitor. Channels and Logistics Review Baba Buddy will be distributed in retail stores such as Babies Us R and Toys Us R. These retailers are ideal because they are already established and have a ready mar ket for toys. Many parents are loyal customers of these stores and so Baba Buddy toys will get a ready audience if marketed in these stores. Stores like Walmart will also be convenient for the distribution purposes because they stock a wide range of toys. This will give Baba Buddy toys competitive advantage since they are unique in design and will be attractively packaged. When displayed together with other toys, Baba Buddy toys will stand out because of their sheepish shape and pillow size. Some shopping parents may even buy it in place of a teddy bear or ordinary pillow for their children. SWOT Analysis The SWOT Analysis is a powerful analytical tool that is useful in the assessment of the environment in which Baba Buddy operates in. It is a summary of strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats which exist in the internal and external business environments. These are assessed below.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Marketing Plan for a New Product speci fically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Strengths Baba Buddy toys have several advantages that prove to be strong points for their success in the market. With the price of $14 or between $13 and $15 depending on location, Baba Buddy toys are set to appeal to new parents and day care guardians who commonly go for cheap items. The strategy to use a low price so as to attract the greatest number of customers within a short time will enable the company to penetrate the market easily. The low price will also catch the attention of shoppers who will want to try out the new product which is good looking and affordable. Other than the attractive price, the design of Baba Buddy will also greatly appeal to many customers. The pillow size and the shape of a sheep will be something that parents will want their children to have. The design can also make some parents kill many birds with one stone since they will not have to buy teddy bears if they get this to y. Baba Buddy is developed by people who have been in the cartoon business for a long time. Arnold Amacha will be of much benefit to the team of professionals who manage the production and sale of the toy. His experience in the cartoon industry gives him great knowledge on how to handle and entertain children. It is this experience and skill that led to the innovativeness seen in the Baba Buddy toy. The marketing strategy adopted by the company will also give competitors a hard time to outdo Baba Buddy because the market is perfectly competitive. They may have to forego some portion of profits if they want to compete against the affordable prices of Baba Buddy toys. Weaknesses The market for Baba Buddy toy will be a new market for the product which is also fresh. Entry into a new market is not an easy task and this will provide great challenges for the marketing team. Since the product is also new, it will require a lot of convincing before potential customers are turned into actual customers. The new product will also lack customer loyalty within the first few months since it will be unknown and untested in the market. These factors will be disadvantageous to the marketing team who will have to come up with measures to overcome these barriers. Baba Buddy is a new brand and thus the market lacks brand awareness as far as the product is concerned. The Baba Buddy toy is also larger than the average toys in the market. Most toys are smaller in size as compared to Baba Buddy and so before customers get used to the large size, much time will have elapsed. Opportunities There are elements available in the toy market which Baba Buddy toys can benefit from. The toy market is getting larger since more and more parents are adopting technology and the modern ways of life. Toys were not traditionally bought by conservative parents. Conservatism is however decreasing as more parents are opening up to modern lifestyles and products. In this wave of change, Baba Buddy stands to gain from the increased openness and acceptability of toys.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More As more parents become more modern, they will be more likely to buy toys and Baba Buddy can gain from this new set of customers. The global financial crisis has also made consumers weary of prices and budget conscious. They will in future not go after expensive luxury commodities such as toys. The competitors who sell at higher prices might suffer losses as customers go for cheaper toys such as Baba Buddy. Threats While opportunities increase the likelihood of prosperity for a product, threats are elements in the external environment which threaten the profitability of a product. Even though there are many competitors already in the toy market, this does not stop additional companies from entering the market. New products reach the store shelves everyday and children get more exposed to different types of toys. As the market continues to grow, so does the rate of proliferation of toys. There is also increased importation of toys from China which offers cheap products. These toys wil l threaten the profitability of Baba Buddy since their prices will be as competitive as our product. Increased competition might force Baba Buddy to consider lowering the price further yet the set price is already very low and almost at the break-even level. Aggressive marketing will be required to overcome these set of challenges identified in the external environment. This essay on Marketing Plan for a New Product was written and submitted by user Shaun Peck to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Social Structure and Lifestyles of the 1960’s Counterculture Essays

Social Structure and Lifestyles of the 1960’s Counterculture Essays Social Structure and Lifestyles of the 1960’s Counterculture Essay Social Structure and Lifestyles of the 1960’s Counterculture Essay The Vietnam War was indeed one of the more relevant precursors to the counterculture that have happened in the 1960’s. As the government of the United States declared their continuing pursuit in fighting the war in Vietnam, thousands of Americans, specially the college students were outraged by this decision and began to start anti-war protests and rallies that have initiated the counterculture at that time. According to Sayre (2007), the rallies against the war that is happening begun gradually in 1965 in Berkley, California and then there were numerous anti-war protests, strikes and demonstrations in many colleges and universities.urthermore, Sayre (2007) has further detailed that the defining moment of the countercultures in the 60’s happened when four student protestors were murdered by the Ohio National Guardsmen. This has sparked the rage of many students across the country were the once peaceful rallies turned into violent uprisings. After the last of the America n troops had left Vietnam, the anti-war protests soon died out eventually.The anti-war sentiments had sparked an alternative lifestyle that had become a part of the counterculture of the 60’s. According to Sayre (2007), the popular cultures that had risen in these times are the hippies, yippees, infatuation for organic food, civil rights movement, drugs and rock and roll music to name a few.Cultural influences of the lifestyle of that period are still evident in today’s society. We can still see the resemblance of the today’s younger generation to the counterculture of the 60’s with regards to the physical attributes, wants, preferences. The youth are still idealistic, persistent and willing to fight for what they think is the right decision to make.

Self-mutilation is Self-healing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Self-mutilation is Self-healing - Essay Example This is an attempt at summarizing Max Malikow's article in Education Digest. His is a challenging theme anent self-cutting by students in schools. Not too many psychologists have dared tread this highly sensitive area of research and immense human importance. About two million students in The United States schools deeply cut their skin from a part of their body. How really painful this has to be. They do not think, fear or bother about this resulting pain when they go for cutting.Cutting behavior is an off shoot of intensity. 'Silent clamoring around of human feelings and their gathering momentum over a period of time from within' leads to acts of self-cutting, self-harm and giving pain to one's own self. This is like the sudden bursting of an erstwhile apparently sleeping volcano. The gathering momentum is released. The damage is also done. The road to normalcy is also seen more clearly after this volcanic outburst! The damage is physical. Relief is emotional. The question of return to normal life relates to social context. Indeed, "Cutters are determined to hide the self-abusive behaviors and are adept at doing so. They fear discovery and being thought of as being crazy. Parents often deny this behavior".This attitude of denial and fearfulness needs to be curbed. Do not cut cutters. Prevention of cutting behavior is essential. Removing its causes is essential. Teachers in schools and parents of cutters must know that cutters need not be treated as having suicidal tendencies. They are merely neurotic. They fear social humiliation. They must not be ignored and put aside. More creative and thoughtful consideration of their behavior is required. Their feelings must be given a fulsome opportunity for fuller expression. 'Rejection' is the most fearful proposition to cutters. They need attention without being to overt about this. Three major reasons are extended for cutting behavior. These are distraction, dissociation and symbolism. They are distracted towards self-injury for they fear what they feel. Their numbness of physical sensations and emotions occur due to pressure and intensity of feelings. This creates in them disassociation and de-personalization. This leads to self-injury. The experience of pain reassures cutters they are alive and human. Depersonalization can be stopped by self-injury. After self-injury, flowing of blood is an outward expression of an inner release of undesirable emotion. Blood and physical pain appear as a symbolism for release of intensity, tension and fear. This tendency of cutting must be treated through a teacher who can render valuable support to a self-injuring student. The treatment includes behavioral therapy, cognitive therapy, and medication. The last technique of medication must not be resorted to as far as possible. Public condemnation of cutters must never be there. For B. F. Skinner, they must be given sympathetic hearing. Exclusive assignments must be given to them. They must never be ignored. Patience and perseverance of a teacher will pay here. Personal Opinion and Analysis A sympathetic approach to cutting behavior and a positive way of looking at this phenomenon must be appreciated. It is only through this attitude that several other challenges to this world can also be properly looked into. Wide spread practice of self-injury among schooling going children, specially adolescents, is a very serious issue for educationists and others. A positive outlook and considerate stance is necessary for treating and preventing this apparently negative happening among students.

Ch.15 - Book - America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System by Essay

Ch.15 - Book - America's Courts and the Criminal Justice System by David W. Neubauer, Henry F. Fradella - Essay Example determined by the parole board who take into account the minimum sentence plus the prisoner’s good behaviour while in jail (positive rehabilitation). Liberal criticism of indeterminate sentencing law is based upon the fact that people who have committed similar crimes usually serve different number of years. This discrepancy creates an ambiguous sentencing system. Conservatively, indeterminate sentencing is based on the principle of rehabilitation. Evidence in the 1970s revealed that rehabilitation had very little impact on the convict’s future decisions with respect to crime. The rehabilitation system also focused on the convict, neglecting the crime and the victims. There was no sense of punishment, retribution or deterrence. Indeterminate sentencing were once very popular but it was however noted that at times judges were too lenient and that rehabilitation did not stop convicts from committing more crimes in the future. Legislature therefore instituted mandatory minimum sentences that had to be served irrespective of good behaviour. Apart from this, sentencing guidelines were also adopted to prevent ambiguous sentencing. Finally, legislatures adopted three-strike laws that act as reinforcement to rehabilitation measures. Indeterminate laws were very common in the 1970s but we however full of inconsistencies. Due to several criticisms about their effectiveness, legislatures around the country undertook several modifications in order to justify its

Costing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Costing - Essay Example The Target costing method is widely used in the RD&E phase of the total life cycle of a good. The Target costing accounting method has been extensively used since time immemorial. This method dates back to the early 20th century at the height of industrial revolution in Europe and North America. Henry Ford, the famous engineer designed the first vehicle in 1908 in a factory with an aim of minimizing costs and maximizing profits through mass production. Ford managed to retail the T model vehicle at an average of $ 495 in the year 1913 (Wilson 2013). Understandably, for him to achieve that fete, the engineer and his planners had to minimize production costs to a bare minimum. Henry Ford accounted for raw material expenses through a backward integration process, labour expenses through specialization and division of labour and other expenses through frugal behaviour. Fords Company received a boost after the end of the Second World War (WWII) for the demand for the vehicles rose sharply (Wilson 2013). With increased demand, the price for the vehicle increased upwards. Because Target costing is normally applied to fresh merchandise planning, which mostly needs investments in new tools and equipment, it is justifiably correct to say that price influences both investments and expenses. The Total life cycle cost accounting method is a broad way for company executives to comprehend and account for costs through merchandises design, creation, and manufacturing, promotion, delivery, maintenance, service and clearance phases. It denotes a process of organizing all expenses along the value chain (Keuper 2011). By way of employing this method, cost managers are able to salvage some significant costs. By selected approximations, about 80% of goods total life expenses are committed by assessments made in the course of the RD& E phase, emphasizing the significance of managing all expenses along the value

Literature Review of Buyer Behaviour Models

Literature Review of Buyer Behaviour Models The purpose of marketing is to make consumers develop an urge for a particular product even if they are not looking for the same. That is why organisations are required to understand the behaviour of customers before marketing their products in a more desirable way. Consumer behaviour is defined as the way the consumers act or behave when looking for, buying and using products (ODougherty, Haynes, Davies OConnor, 2007). Consumer behaviour is significant to businesses as they determine the nature of the prospective buyers. Knowing consumer behaviour helps business enterprises to find out the best way to advertise the products in order to attract a particular set of consumers. In the earlier times, shop keepers were able to acquire a fair understanding of consumer behaviour because they sold their products directly to the customers. However, with the increasing growth in the size of firms, opportunities of direct contact with consumers have lowered. Increasingly, managers are investing more to gain an insight on consumer behaviour. As a consequence, business and academic researchers invest more resources in studying consumer energy for the improvement of businesses. Literature Review Several academics and professional have conducted their research on consumer behaviour. A review of the literatures would include significant theories and studies in this perspective. Stimulus-Behaviour Model One of the oldest models in regards to consumer behaviour is stimulus-behaviour model. The following model propagates that marketing and other stimuli influence the buyers black box, producing certain responses (The Institute for Working Futures, n.d.). The stimuli can be of two kinds. The marketing stimuli or the marketing mix consist of 4 Ps including product, price, place and promotion. Others include economic, technological, political and cultural stimuli. All these stimuli move through the consumers black box and help them to make the product choice, brand choice, purchasing timing and purchasing amount. Figure 1: Stimulus-Behaviour Model (Source: Tyagi Kumar, 2004) Apart from this simplified model, several other models have been developed by the marketing scholars in the field of consumer behaviour. The most prominent models have been developed by John A. Howard and Jagdish N Sheth, Francesco M. Nicosia, James F. Engel, Roger D. Blackwell and David T. Kollat. The five stage model of buying process includes steps like recognizing the problems, searching for information, evaluating the alternatives, purchasing decision and post purchase behaviour of the consumers. After purchasing the products, the buyer is expected to feel some level of satisfaction or dissatisfaction regarding the product or service acquired. The number of organisational buying processes can be quite large. Product and service marketers have recognized that at every step of the buying process, the purchaser can have different requirements and various groups can get involved in the same. Buy Grid Model According to the Buy Grid model, the process of decision making within an organisation has two parts including buy phase model and buy class model. The stages in the Buy Phase model are quite similar to the buying stages discussed above. After identifying the requirements, industrial buyers pass through a number of processes including determination of requirements, specific description of the same, search for probable sources, assessment of the sources, selection of the same, establishment of order routine and appraisal of the performance feedback (Baker Hart, 2003). Figure 2: Buy Grid Model (Source: Baker Hart, 2003) Buy class has been added to the same model to create a grid. Buy class model refers to the various types of buying decisions; the decisions are mostly based on consumers experience about specific products or services. The new buying decision takes into account the products and services which have never been acquired, along with the entire process. The straight re-buy process and modified re-buy process consider less number of tasks as consumers do not need to spend time on searching for sources (Dwyer Fanner, 2008). Industrial Buying Behaviour Back in the year 1973, Sheth had proposed a model on the industrial buyers behaviour. The model is a complex one with a large number of variables integrated in it. Figure 3: An Integrated Model of Industrial Buying Behaviour (Source: Sheth, 1973) The model considers many variables. However, all of these variables hold relevance in the process that determines purchase decisions. Certain conditions are there which can be simplified depending on the situation. Prior to that, in the year 1966, Nicosia has proposed a model which included attitude, motivation and experience as the driving force behind the purchase process (Swarbrooke Horner, 2007). Buyer Seller Interaction In 1985, Campbell criticized the Sheth model for not considering the interplay between the marketing and purchasing strategies and their antecedents. Another disadvantage is that the model concentrates on the buyers side rather than paying attention to the sellers influence on buying behaviour. In contrast, an interaction model introduced by IMP group has focussed mostly on the interaction of the two parties giving almost equal importance to the characteristics of both the buyers and the sellers. According to the Campbell, the model includes three variable groups: the buyers characteristics, the product and the supplier. Figure 4: Buyer Seller Interaction (Source: Baker Hart, 2003) The above model considers few probable types of buyer and seller interaction strategies. These are competitive, cooperative and command. A joint occurrence of the above mentioned strategies can happen if both the parties have almost similar level of power and the switching cost to other suppliers is almost equal for every case. In command buying, the consumer is expected to have more power than the vendor. Cooperative buying mostly happens between the manufacturer and the distributor of the products, when cooperation is required between the two. The above model shows buyers and sellers characteristics with detailed discussion on the interaction. There are certain other concepts related to consumers buying behaviour. There are a number of people, directly and indirectly involved in the purchasing processes. The buying centre is comprised of all the people involved in the buying process. The initiator, user, buyer, influencer, decider and gatekeeper are individuals or groups involved in the various stages of the process. The initiator is the individual or group who first suggests the need of purchasing a particular product. The influencer is the individual or group, who would have his or her input in the entire process. People, controlling the information flow and access to concerned individuals in the organisations, are the gatekeepers of the entire process (Folsom Boulware, 2004). Apart from those mentioned above, there are several others involved in significant stages of the process. Conclusion After critically examining all these models, it was understood that most of these models have taken into account a number of broad factors which are comprehended according to the model specifications. Most of these models start with the initiation of expectations among the consumers. Certain other factors such as lifestyle of the users, status of the consumers, information sources such as exhibition and shows, advertisements, word- of-mouth may result in influential factors behind the consumers purchasing processes. Certain factors, such as time pressure and inherent risk are quite specific to the respective product and have the ability to put an impact on purchasing process. Apart from these, there can be certain other situational and company specific factors influencing the choice of suppliers (Sheth, 1973). Post-purchase satisfaction also triggers the re-buying process. Reference Baker, J., M Hart, S. 2003. The Marketing Book. Butterworth-Heineman. Dwyer, R., F. Fanner, F., J. 2008. Business Marketing. New York: McGraw Hill. Folsom, D. W. Boulware, R. 2004. Encyclopedia of American business. NewYork: Infobase Publishing. ODougherty, D., Haynes, R., Davies, V. M. OConnor, M. 2007. Consumer Behavior. South Africa: Pearson Education. Sheth, N. J. 1973. A Model of Industrial Buyer Behaviur. [Pdf]. Available at: http://www.jagsheth.net/docs/A%20Model%20of%20Industrial%20BuyerBehavior.pdf [Accessed on November 01, 2010]. The Institute for Working Futures. No Date. Consumer Buying Behavior. [Online]. Available at: http://www.marcbowles.com/courses/adv_dip/module12/chapter4/amc12_ch4_two.htm [Accessed on November 01, 2010]. Tyagi, L., C. Kumar, A. 2004. Consumer Behaviour. Atlantic Publishers Distribution. Swarbrooke, J. Horner, S. 2007. Consumer behaviour in tourism. USA: Elsevier Ltd.

The Influence of John Locke Essay -- Empiricists, Empiricism

John Locke was someone more than just an ordinary man. He was the son of a country attorney and born on August 29, 1632. He grew up during the civil war and later entered the Church of Christ, Oxford, where he remained as a student and teacher for many years. (Rivitch 23) With a wide variety of political and religious views, he expressed most of his personnel views on education and social and political philosophies. Once he noted the five lasting pleasures throughout his career were health, good news, knowledge, doing good, and eternal paradise. Many of his views both political and religious were found to be famous throughout history in many countries. Locke was one of the first people that thought religion and state should be separated. (Jenkins 123) Locke considered the formation of government from man’s own nature, whether or not government is formed because man is a social animal or if government is formed to preserve society. According to Locke, man must not think that all government in the world is the product only of force and violence, and that men live together by no other rules but that of beasts. Locke also felt that to understand political power right, and derive it from its origin. We must also consider what state all men are naturally in, and that is, a state of perfect freedom to order their actions, and dispose of their possessions and persons, as they think fit, within the bounds of the law of nature. Locke later published anonymously his Two Treaties of Government, and the essay Concerning Human Understanding. These writings were immediately successful and they both exerted a vast of influence. Between the both of these works, they made the dominant view of English thought through the greater part of the eighteenth century. J. Mathis 3 (Jenkins 56) John Locke’s Two Treatises of Government (1690) was a well-known and respected document. In the paper, he attacked the theory of diving right of kings and the nature of the state as conceived by the English philosopher and political theorist Thomas Hobbes. He did not believe that a king should become king because â€Å"God told him to be†, but rather, because he was qualified for the position, and also because the people felt he should be there. Locke argued that sovereignty did not reside in t... ...d be no connection between the state and the church, and neither could make laws concerning the other. John Locke’s influence of our forefathers has been profound and, with his application of experimental analysis to ethics, politics, and religion, he remains one of the most important and controversial philosophers of all time. His ideas and writings lived way beyond his time, and have proven to be the reason the colonies broke away from there mother country and learned to expect certain rights from their government.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Maybe if it wasn't for John Locke our government might not exist for his influential thinking. John Locke was and still is a very important part of our history. J. Mathis 5 Biography   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Squadrito, Kathleen John Locke, Twayne Publishers  © 1979   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Jenkins, John Understanding Locke, Edinburgh, Edinburgh   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University Press  © 1983   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Eisenach, Eldon Two Worlds of Liberalism, Chicago, The   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  University of Chicago Press  © 1981   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Rivitch, Daine and Thernstorm, Abigail the Democracy reader,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  New York, Harpercollins publishers  © 1992 pg 31-39   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Microsoft Encarta Encyclopedia 97 ,  © 1993-1996

Meiji Restoration

It is a fact that the Meiji Restoration managed to accomplish a great many revolutionary changes, but without a revolutionary level of violence. How did this happen? To understand this, one must know what the Meiji Restoration was and when it took place. It was through the years from 1867 to 1868 that the Tokugawa Era under the great Tokugawa Liasu came to an end with the Meiji restoration, in which the Emperor Meiji moved from Kyoto to Tokyo where the new Imperial Capital was established. However, at the same time, the actual political power was effectively transferred from Tokugawa to a group of small time noblemen, and Japan was forced to enter into treaties with Westerners, in much the same way as any other subjugated Asian nation. (Meiji Period 2002) In short, it can be stated that this period in the history of Japan has been termed a ‘renewal’, in which Japan’s political and social structure became unalterably changed, and because of which Japan launched into its industrialization period. Intended as a strong measure to consolidate power against the shogunate, the samurai and the daimyo, all remnants of the Edo government, Tokugawa lands were seized and placed under the ‘imperial control.’ (Meiji Restoration 2008) The Samurai had to be destroyed, and most Samurai, although they resented the change bitterly, had to comply.   With the Meiji restoration came electricity and wheels in the form of the first ‘rickshaw’ ever. Trains followed soon, as did several other reforms and changes, the most important of which was a semblance of democracy. Education became more important than before, and the nation started progressing in leaps and bounds. People now felt that they too had a say in how the country was to be run, and everywhere, everyone appeared to be satisfied with the advances that their country was making in all fields. (The Meiji Restoration (n.d) The issue here is this, how much influence did western powers have over the Meiji restoration in Japan? Were the radical ideas more in keeping in accordance with the local tenor, or were they drastically different? Why then did the shogunate fall quickly, without really offering any resistance? One of the most important things to remember when studying Japanese history is the fact that one must never consider the class struggles that are generally applied for revolutions of all kinds; instead, one must note that the interests of merchants and the ruling classes became so closely inter connected that anything that hurt one would automatically hurt the other. For example, all big merchants depended upon the interest from loans given to the samurai to survive, and the samurai were customers of the chonin, who felt that their own prosperity was closely tied up with the warrior classes, and this meant that they would not think of attacking the existing feudal system, even if it was unfair to them. As the Meiji restoration progressed, the samurai and the aristocrats stood together, thereby showing the world that the revolution in itself was not at all about a rising class that managed to destroy feudalism, nor was it a democratic revolt that offered greater power to representatives of the working classes of Japan. Researchers state confidently that the Meiji restoration would never have been possible but for interference that Japan received from Western powers, including British, American, French, German and Dutch. It is said that some small bits of advice were also obtained from the workers who had been engaged by the Japanese government in various positions such as pilots, engineers, financial advisers, and university and school teachers, among others. Historians believe that it was the presence of Westerners in Japan that undermined the Shogunate, and that this was one of the reasons why it fell so quickly without resistance. One must remember that the rapid economic growth in Japan during the 17th, 18th and 19th centuries had made sure that the country was in a position of being readily transformed into a new social order, and by this time, the ‘absurd’ policies of Tokugawa had become completely foolish and outdated, given the social and political conditions in the country at the time. Nationalism and patriotism and national consciousness had also pervaded the people of Japan, and with the arrival of the Perry expedition, at which point of time the arrival of foreigners was considered an attack on the basic traditional values of Japan, the collapse became imminent, and one can understand that Western powers had intentionally or unintentionally applied pressure on Japan and had paved the way for the reforms about to take place, and for the fall of the Shogunate to happen. At the same time, one must also remember that even without Western influence from the United States, Great Britain and Russia among others, the radical reforms of the Meiji restoration would have been inevitable, and although several of the ideas were indeed shaped by Western influences, local flavors too played a very important role in the Meiji restoration and in the fall of the Shogunate. Therefore, it must be stated that the Meiji restoration is in actuality the result of two important factors: the decay within Japan of her present feudal society, and the pressure applied by Western powers to bring an end to Tokugawa’s outdated regime. (Chung, TK 2007) Works cited Meiji Period (1868-1912) â€Å"History† Japanguide.com (2002) Retrieved on February 25, 2008 from â€Å"The Meiji Restoration† History Text (n.d) Retrieved on February 25, 2008 from â€Å"Meiji Restoration† Wikipedia (2008) Retrieved on February 25, 2008 from Chung, TK â€Å"The Meiji Restoration, Background† The corner of the world (2007) Retrieved on February 25, 2008 from         

Free Essays on Blues Analysis

Blues analysis Lighting Hopkins, Mojo Hand Blues legend, Sam ‘Lightning’ Hopkins’ long career might be said to have begun in 1920s, but it was not until the blues revival of the late fifties that Hopkins’ music began to reach the white audience. He had a great ability to improvise songs. He didn’t rehearse his songs; he lived them. He made up songs about things he experienced in his neighborhood. When he went into the studio he recorded whatever came into his mind. He recorded a total of more than eighty-five albums and toured around the world. What makes him special among his many contemporaries is his uniqueness; he leaps out and makes you notice him. He’s like no one else. The first thing that strikes you is his voice. It’s like a snicker and a laugh. Then there is his guitar playing. He was a master and had a distinctive guitar style. Hopkins’ emotions are as tightly focused as his guitar playing throughout. He always sounds relaxed. He plays either solo or with a dru mmer nailing down the rhythm. One of the favorite songs sang by him, is ‘Mojo Hand’ recorded in New York City in 1960. It is a 12-bar song with six verses and it features very little improvisation. The general pattern (chord progression) of the verse is: C C G C F G C In this song the most notable instrument is the guitar, which serves as a rhythmic and a melodic beat at the same time. The song starts with the four verses that comply these patterns with some slight differences. After the 4th and 5th verse, a solo guitar is added accompanied with standard chord changes: C, C - G, C - F, G, C. When the drums come in, Hopkins takes advantage of their presence to extend his high note runs, leaving the drummer Francis Clay to hold down the rhythm. Vocal and guitar are both joint perfectly (there is slight distortion, which is for better). The text that is sung with the melody doesn’t synchronize perfectly with the chord changes, b... Free Essays on Blues Analysis Free Essays on Blues Analysis Blues analysis Lighting Hopkins, Mojo Hand Blues legend, Sam ‘Lightning’ Hopkins’ long career might be said to have begun in 1920s, but it was not until the blues revival of the late fifties that Hopkins’ music began to reach the white audience. He had a great ability to improvise songs. He didn’t rehearse his songs; he lived them. He made up songs about things he experienced in his neighborhood. When he went into the studio he recorded whatever came into his mind. He recorded a total of more than eighty-five albums and toured around the world. What makes him special among his many contemporaries is his uniqueness; he leaps out and makes you notice him. He’s like no one else. The first thing that strikes you is his voice. It’s like a snicker and a laugh. Then there is his guitar playing. He was a master and had a distinctive guitar style. Hopkins’ emotions are as tightly focused as his guitar playing throughout. He always sounds relaxed. He plays either solo or with a dru mmer nailing down the rhythm. One of the favorite songs sang by him, is ‘Mojo Hand’ recorded in New York City in 1960. It is a 12-bar song with six verses and it features very little improvisation. The general pattern (chord progression) of the verse is: C C G C F G C In this song the most notable instrument is the guitar, which serves as a rhythmic and a melodic beat at the same time. The song starts with the four verses that comply these patterns with some slight differences. After the 4th and 5th verse, a solo guitar is added accompanied with standard chord changes: C, C - G, C - F, G, C. When the drums come in, Hopkins takes advantage of their presence to extend his high note runs, leaving the drummer Francis Clay to hold down the rhythm. Vocal and guitar are both joint perfectly (there is slight distortion, which is for better). The text that is sung with the melody doesn’t synchronize perfectly with the chord changes, b...

The Chrysanthemums Summary and Analysis

The Chrysanthemums Summary and Analysis The Chrysanthemums Summary and Analysis NOTE! The following paper is just an example written by one of our staff writers. If you need an original summary of The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck feel free to place your order. John Steinbeck awakens us to an interesting account of The Chrysanthemums, a story set in Salinas, California. Steinbeck’s creativity and imagination take us through the tales and the atmosphere of his work. The Chrysanthemums, by the use of three primary characters, Henry Allen, his wife Elisa Allen and the Tinker allow the readers to follow-up on a fascinating family life set inside a cool and productive neighborhood. Thesis This essay undertakes to examine John Steinbeck’s work The Chrysanthemums with close references to published literature and sources. The paper will examine the theme, and related elements like the plot, setting, point-of-view and symbols related to the main characters Henry Allen, Elisa and the Tinker. The Chrysanthemums Analysis The author sets his book in winter, Salinas, California. Here, the weather is chilly and the fog extends to cover the hillside. Looking at Henry’s house, we can appreciate its setting and its clean compound. What is more, on Henry’s foothill ranch, there is a pile of hay and the orchards are anxiously waiting for the rain (Steinbeck 19). The brief description of Henry’s neighborhood extends to find his wife in the flower garden. Elisa Allen is busy working on her flower garden adorned in a gardening outfit, a man’s hat and shoes. The masculine outfit is completed by gloves at hand and an apron covering her dress. As she works away on the Chrysanthemums, she keeps on stealing occasional glances at her husband who is talking with two stranger men at a distance. The proceedings in John Steinbeck’s The Chrysanthemums continue to capture the lengthened conversation between Henry and the two strangers. Shortly afterwards, the conversation is over and Henry approaches her wife Elisa who is busy working on the chrysanthemums. Eager to learn what the conversation was all about, Henry breaks the good news to her wife. The businessmen had come to discuss a deal with Henry. Henry states ‘’the men were from the Western Meat Company and had just bought thirty steers for a modest sum’’ (Steinbeck, 27). Henry is surprised and proposes to Elisa a celebration night out. However, before they leave, the tinker (a man who repairs pans and pots) enters. His entry is met with the sniffing of the dog. The Chrysanthemums Theme The Chrysanthemums succeeds to project the feelings of women to strong men. The conversation between Elisa and Tinker allows the readers to see the nature of attraction inherent to Elisa. Indeed, he states, ‘’Elisa is charmed when the tinker says he likes following good weather.’’ More specifically, this is so and especially when Tinker expresses his interest to the chrysanthemums which look explicit and blossom. From the novel, The Chrysanthemums theme of women and femininity is well displayed and especially when you look at the behavior associated with Henry’s wife. Her hardworking nature and charisma to work in the garden reflect the nature of chores associated with females. What is more, the attraction displayed by Elisa to Tinker in their conversation projects how easy women are lured into romance and affection. Relationships and family life is another primary theme of The Chrysanthemums that John Updike projects in his work. From the start to the finish, we appreciate Elisa is lonely and isolated, although beautiful. The author allows us to embark into family life and how women are rendered into solitude, both emotionally and sexually. What is more, he artistically and creatively criticizes this solitude because of Elisa’s attraction to another man other than Henry. This is a clear indication that marriages easily collapse due to lack of company by married couples. Elisa is disinterested as seen in her response to proposals made by her husband. The author states, ‘’Henry emerges and recommends Elisa’s nice, lovely and strong looks. However, Elisa inquires what he meant by strong’’ (Steinbeck 15). The conversation displays the bridge that exists between the two. The Chrysanthemums Summary: Plot and Setting The plot of The Chrysanthemums reflects a productive and striving location. The fact that Elisa and her husband practice farming and manage to sell thirty steers to the meat company is a clear indication of a prosperous geographic setting. The plot of the story successfully depicts the conventional family life. Although Elisa is a beautiful and young woman, ‘’Elisa Allen is a 35-year old woman who lives with her husband,’’ (Steinbeck 28) she doesn’t have a child. The above quotation means that the author awakens the readers to the realities surrounding family life. The plot of the story continues to capture Elisa’s attraction and affection to men. Indeed, Steinbeck notes, ‘’Elisa says that the stars are hot and lovely – and at night they are driven into your body’’ (Steinbeck 31). The message driven by Elisa, although symbolic, reflects love and affection to Tinker. What is more, the fact that Elisa compares h erself to the pot and pan repairer means that she appreciates his work and respects him. ‘’I wish women would live the life you do. Elisa watches the Tinker’s wagon drive away and she whispers to herself’’ (Steinbeck 39). The Chrysanthemums Symbolism The primary symbols used in the story The Chrysanthemums by John Steinbeck are the Salinas valley and the chrysanthemums. Chrysanthemums represent Elisa and the unsatisfied life she is living. The characters of the chrysanthemums are healthy, thriving and lovely which is an accurate representation of Elisa. We see how she keeps the flowerbeds clean and the house very tidy and orderly. The Tinker’s notice of the chrysanthemums brightens her as if she were the one noticed. This makes her offer both herself and the chrysanthemums to him, but he tosses them both aside and completely ignores them. Tinker’s rejection of the chrysanthemums is an accurate reflection of how society has rejected the women society as mere housekeepers and gardeners. Just like Elisa, the flowers are of little importance and unobjectionable as they are only meant for decorations and add no value to the busy world of men (Tamy 18). The Salinas valley is a symbol of the emotional state of Elisa. The story starts describing the valley with the writer likening it to the pot with a fog lid. The description of the valley as a pot closed shows that Elisa is trapped in a world where she feels tired and exhausted to be in. The valley does not receive sunshine at all, despite it being nearby. Sunshine is a symbol of happiness and this shows that Elisa lives and associates with happy people like Henry and Tinker but she is not. The description of the December weather being chilly, and no hope of brightening describe how Elisa feels. She is compared to a fallow field that is reticent yet it can grow if given space (Tamy 21). Tinker’s dog, he is with, when he meets Elisha, is an accurate reflection of his character. The dog describes him as mysterious, unknown and even a dangerous individual. His rough appearance and flirtatious character make Elisa get attracted to him. He laughs in a cunning way, which may be because he wants Elisa to give him a job; he senses the emotional attraction between them or he is merely amused. It is very difficult to understand this man, which may be one of the rationales why Elisa got attracted to him in the first place. In addition, he takes advantage of the attraction, which in the end he is proved to be a senseless, uncaring, and unemotional man when he throws away the chrysanthemums Elisa gives him. When Tinker was leaving, drawn in her emotions, Elisa mentions, â€Å"That’s a bright direction. There’s a glowing there†. This clearly shows us that Elisa is attracted to the man, both physical and his lifestyle. He goes wherever he wants, sleeps under the moon and the star and is answerable to nobody; the lifestyle Elisa admires the most. She is tempted to beg a man to go with him, promising him her best. Apart from making love together, she needs to share in his adventures that she likes the most. However, he turns her down with a vague answer of his life being boring and lonely for a woman like Elisa. The closing of her eyes halfway shows us that she is envisaging what it would be like to live in the sphere of the Tinker (Tamy 12). Conclusion John Steinbeck makes a fascinating account by revealing the tales behind family and conventional life. By setting his work in a wet neighborhood, he manages to project the core principles and daily activities surrounding the society in highland settings. What is more, the inclusion of three characters each with a strong set of skills and different characteristics allow the story to bring the readers to reality. John Steinbeck tailors his work articulately creating imagery where necessary and making a classic transition in the use of voices and narration. The above observations and points of views surmise the analysis adding knowledge and insight into John Steinbeck’s work The Chrysanthemums. Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums and Other Stories. New York, N.Y: Penguin Books, 1995. Print. Steinbeck, John. The Chrysanthemums: A Story. Concord, N.H: Harper Bros, 1937. Print. Tami, Budney. â€Å"The Chrysanthemums. New York: McGraw Hill, 2007. Print.